host-metrics: rename telegraf service to host-telegraf

gorchain-monitoring also ships a `telegraf` service (synthetic RPC +
HTTP probes); running both on the same host produced two containers
named `laconic-<hash>-telegraf-1`, which made `docker ps` and
`laconic-so deployment ... logs telegraf` confusing.

Rename the host-metrics service to `host-telegraf` -- the descriptive
name fits a host-system-metrics collector and is unambiguous next to
the probe-side telegraf in gorchain-monitoring.

.github/workflows/test-k8s-deploy.yml

@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ on:
       - '.github/workflows/triggers/test-k8s-deploy'
       - '.github/workflows/test-k8s-deploy.yml'
       - 'tests/k8s-deploy/run-deploy-test.sh'
+      - 'tests/k8s-deploy/run-restart-test.sh'
   schedule:
     - cron: '3 15 * * *'
 
@@ -46,3 +47,5 @@ jobs:
         run: ./tests/scripts/install-kubectl.sh
       - name: "Run k8s deployment test"
         run: ./tests/k8s-deploy/run-deploy-test.sh
+      - name: "Run restart k8s deployment test"
+        run: ./tests/k8s-deploy/run-restart-test.sh

.pebbles/events.jsonl

@@ -46,3 +46,13 @@
 {"type":"comment","timestamp":"2026-04-17T08:13:32.753112339Z","issue_id":"so-o2o","payload":{"body":"Tested the version-detection fix (commit 832ab66d) locally. Fix works for its scope but surfaces two more bugs downstream. Current approach is broken at the architectural level, not just one-bug-fixable.\n\nWhat 832ab66d does: captures etcd image ref from crictl after cluster create, writes to {backup_dir}/etcd-image.txt, reads it on subsequent cleanup runs. Self-adapts to Kind upgrades. No more hardcoded v3.5.9. Confirmed locally: etcd-image.txt is written after first create, cleanup on second start uses it, member.backup-YYYYMMDD-HHMMSS dir is produced (proves cleanup ran end-to-end).\n\nWhat still fails after version fix: kubeadm init on cluster recreate. apiserver comes up but returns:\n- 403 Forbidden: User \"kubernetes-admin\" cannot get path /livez\n- 500: Body was not decodable ... json: cannot unmarshal array into Go value of type struct\n- eventually times out waiting for apiserver /livez\n\nTwo new bugs behind those:\n\n(a) Restore step corrupts binary values. In _clean_etcd_keeping_certs the restore loop is:\n    key=$(echo $encoded | base64 -d | jq -r .key | base64 -d)\n    val=$(echo $encoded | base64 -d | jq -r .value | base64 -d)\n    echo \"$val\" | /backup/etcdctl put \"$key\"\nk8s stores objects as protobuf. Piping raw protobuf through bash variable expansion + echo mangles non-printable bytes, truncates at null bytes, and appends a trailing newline. Explains the \"cannot unmarshal\" from apiserver — the kubernetes Service/Endpoints objects in /registry are corrupted on re-put.\n\n(b) Whitelist is too narrow. We keep only /registry/secrets/caddy-system and the /registry/services entries for kubernetes. Everything else is deleted — including /registry/clusterrolebindings (cluster-admin is gone), /registry/serviceaccounts, /registry/secrets/kube-system (bootstrap tokens), RBAC roles, apiserver's auth config. Explains the 403 for kubernetes-admin — cluster-admin binding doesn't exist yet and kubeadm's pre-addon health check can't authorize.\n\nFixing (a) would mean rewriting the restore step to not use shell piping — either use a proper etcdctl-based Go tool, or write directly to the on-disk snapshot format. Fixing (b) means exhaustively whitelisting everything kubeadm/apiserver bootstrapping needs — a moving target across k8s versions. Both together are a significant undertaking for the actual requirement (\"keep 4 Caddy secrets across cluster recreate\").\n\nDecision: merge 832ab66d for the narrow version-detection fix + diagnosis trail, then implement the kubectl-level backup/restore on a separate branch. The etcd approach is not salvageable at reasonable cost."}}
 {"type":"comment","timestamp":"2026-04-17T11:04:26.542659482Z","issue_id":"so-o2o","payload":{"body":"Shipped in PR #746. Etcd-persistence approach replaced with a kubectl-level Caddy Secret backup/restore gated on kind-mount-root.\n\nSummary of what landed:\n- components/ingress/caddy-cert-backup.yaml: SA/Role/RoleBinding + CronJob (alpine/kubectl:1.35.3) firing every 5min, writes {kind-mount-root}/caddy-cert-backup/caddy-secrets.yaml via atomic tmp+rename.\n- install_ingress_for_kind splits into 3 phases: pre-Deployment manifests → _restore_caddy_certs (kubectl apply from backup file) → Caddy Deployment → _install_caddy_cert_backup. Caddy pod can't exist until phase 3, so certs are always in place before secret_store startup.\n- Deleted _clean_etcd_keeping_certs, _get_etcd_host_path_from_kind_config, _capture_etcd_image, _read_etcd_image_ref, _etcd_image_ref_path and the etcd+PKI block in _generate_kind_mounts.\n- No new spec keys.\n\nTest coverage in tests/k8s-deploy/run-deploy-test.sh: install assertion after first --perform-cluster-management start, plus full E2E (seed fake manager=caddy Secret → trigger CronJob → verify backup file → stop/start --perform-cluster-management for cluster recreate → assert secret restored with matching decoded value).\n\nWoodburn migration: one-shot host-kubectl export to seed {kind-mount-root}/caddy-cert-backup/caddy-secrets.yaml was done manually on the running cluster (the in-cluster CronJob couldn't reach the host because the /srv/kind → /mnt extraMount was staged in kind-config.yml but never applied to the running cluster — it was added after cluster creation). File is in place for the eventual cluster recreate."}}
 {"type":"close","timestamp":"2026-04-17T11:04:26.999711375Z","issue_id":"so-o2o","payload":{}}
+{"type":"create","timestamp":"2026-04-20T13:14:26.312724048Z","issue_id":"so-7fc","payload":{"description":"## Problem\n\nFile-level host-path compose volumes (e.g. `../config/foo.sh:/opt/foo.sh`) were synthesized into a kind extraMount + k8s hostPath PV chain with a sanitized containerPath (`/mnt/host-path-\u003csanitized\u003e`).\n\n- On kind: two deployments of the same stack sharing a cluster collide at that containerPath — kind only honors the first deployment's bind, so subsequent deployments' pods silently read the first's file. No error, no warning.\n- On real k8s: the same code emits `hostPath: /mnt/host-path-*` but nothing populates that path on worker nodes — effectively broken.\n\nFile-level host-path binds are conceptually k8s ConfigMaps. The `snowballtools-base-backend` stack already uses the ConfigMap-backed named-volume pattern manually; this issue is to make that automatic for all stacks.\n\n## Resolution\n\nImplemented on branch `feat/so-b86-auto-configmap-host-path` (commit `cb84388d`), stacked on top of `feat/kind-mount-invariant-check`.\n\n**No deployment-dir file rewriting.** Compose files, spec.yml, and `{deployment_dir}/config/\u003cpod\u003e/` are untouched — trivially diffable against stack source, no synthetic volume names. ConfigMaps are materialized at deploy start and visible only in k8s (`kubectl get cm -n \u003cns\u003e`).\n\n### Deploy create — validation only\n\n| Source shape | Behavior |\n|---|---|\n| Single file | Accepted |\n| Flat directory, no subdirs, ≤ ~700 KiB | Accepted |\n| Directory with subdirs | `DeployerException` — guidance: embed in image / split configmaps / initContainer |\n| File or directory \u003e ~700 KiB | `DeployerException` — ConfigMap budget (accounts for base64 + metadata) |\n| `:rw` on any host-path bind | `DeployerException` — use a named volume for writable data |\n\n### Deploy start — k8s object generation\n\n- `cluster_info.get_configmaps()` walks pod + job compose volumes and emits a `V1ConfigMap` per host-path bind (deduped by sanitized name), content read from `{deployment_dir}/config/\u003cpod\u003e/\u003cfile\u003e`.\n- `volumes_for_pod_files` emits `V1ConfigMapVolumeSource` instead of `V1HostPathVolumeSource` for host-path binds.\n- `volume_mounts_for_service` stats the source and sets `V1VolumeMount.sub_path` to the filename when source is a regular file.\n- `_generate_kind_mounts` no longer emits `/mnt/host-path-*` extraMounts — ConfigMap path bypasses the kind node FS entirely.\n\n### Transition\n\nThe `/mnt/host-path-*` skip in `check_mounts_compatible` is retained as a transition tolerance for deployments created before this change. Test coverage in `tests/k8s-deploy/run-deploy-test.sh` asserts host-path ConfigMaps exist in the namespace, compose/spec in deployment dir unchanged, and no `/mnt/host-path-*` entries in kind-config.yml.","priority":"2","title":"File-level host-path compose volumes alias across deployments sharing a kind cluster","type":"bug"}}
+{"type":"status_update","timestamp":"2026-04-20T13:14:26.833816262Z","issue_id":"so-7fc","payload":{"status":"closed"}}
+{"type":"comment","timestamp":"2026-04-21T05:57:12.476299839Z","issue_id":"so-n1n","payload":{"body":"Already merged: 929bdab8 is an ancestor of origin/main; all four extraMount emit sites in helpers.py carry `propagation: HostToContainer` (umbrella, per-volume named, per-volume host-path, high-memlock spec)."}}
+{"type":"status_update","timestamp":"2026-04-21T05:57:12.928842469Z","issue_id":"so-n1n","payload":{"status":"closed"}}
+{"type":"comment","timestamp":"2026-04-21T06:08:13.933886638Z","issue_id":"so-ad7","payload":{"body":"Fixed in PR #744 (cf8b7533). get_services() now includes the maintenance pod in the container-ports map so its per-pod Service is built and available for the Ingress swap."}}
+{"type":"status_update","timestamp":"2026-04-21T06:08:14.457815115Z","issue_id":"so-ad7","payload":{"status":"closed"}}
+{"type":"update","timestamp":"2026-04-21T09:00:47.364859946Z","issue_id":"so-p3p","payload":{"description":"## Problem\n\nThe Caddy ingress controller image is hardcoded in `ingress-caddy-kind-deploy.yaml`, with no mechanism to update it short of cluster recreation or manual `kubectl patch`. laconic-so should: (1) allow spec.yml to specify a Caddy image, (2) support updating the Caddy image as part of `deployment start`, (3) set `strategy: Recreate` on the Caddy Deployment since hostPort pods can't rolling-update.\n\n## Resolution\n\n- New spec key `caddy-ingress-image`. Fresh install uses it (fallback: manifest default). On subsequent `deployment start`, if the spec key is set and the running Caddy image differs, SO patches the Deployment and waits for rollout.\n- Spec key absent =\u003e SO does **not** touch a running Caddy, to avoid silently reverting images set out-of-band (ansible playbook, another deployment's spec).\n- `strategy: Recreate` added to the Caddy Deployment manifest.\n- Reconcile runs under both `--perform-cluster-management` and the default `--skip-cluster-management` (it's a plain k8s-API patch, not a cluster lifecycle op).\n- Image substitution locates the container by name instead of string-matching the shipped default, so the spec override wins regardless of what the manifest hardcodes.\n- Cluster-scoped caveat: `caddy-system` is shared across deployments; last `deployment start` that sets the key wins for everyone. Documented in `deployment_patterns.md`."}}
+{"type":"status_update","timestamp":"2026-04-21T09:00:47.745675131Z","issue_id":"so-p3p","payload":{"status":"closed"}}
+{"type":"comment","timestamp":"2026-04-27T13:41:16.962883653Z","issue_id":"so-078","payload":{"body":"Fixed. deploy create now copies commands.py into deployment_dir/hooks/. call_stack_deploy_start loads hooks from the deployment dir instead of resolving via get_stack_path, so deployment start no longer requires the stack repo to be present or cwd to be correct."}}
+{"type":"close","timestamp":"2026-04-27T13:41:17.073012545Z","issue_id":"so-078","payload":{}}

docs/deployment_patterns.md

@@ -164,6 +164,79 @@ To stop a single deployment without affecting the cluster:
 laconic-so deployment --dir my-deployment stop --skip-cluster-management
 ```
 
+Stacks sharing a cluster must agree on mount topology. See
+[Volume Persistence in k8s-kind](#volume-persistence-in-k8s-kind).
+
+### cluster-id vs deployment-id
+
+Each deployment's `deployment.yml` carries two identifiers with
+different roles:
+
+- **`cluster-id`** — which kind cluster this deployment attaches to.
+  Used for the kube-config context name (`kind-{cluster-id}`) and for
+  kind lifecycle ops. Inherited from the running cluster at
+  `deploy create` time when one exists; freshly generated otherwise.
+  Shared across every deployment that joins the same cluster.
+- **`deployment-id`** — this particular deployment's identity.
+  Generated fresh on every `deploy create` and never inherited. Flows
+  into `app_name`, the prefix on every k8s resource name this
+  deployment creates (PVs, ConfigMaps, Deployments, PVCs, …). Distinct
+  per deployment even when the cluster is shared.
+
+The split prevents silent resource-name collisions between
+deployments sharing a cluster: two deployments of the same stack,
+or any two deployments that happen to declare a volume with the same
+name, still produce distinct `{deployment-id}-{vol}` PV names.
+
+**Backward compatibility**: `deployment.yml` files written before the
+`deployment-id` field existed fall back to using `cluster-id` as the
+deployment-id. Existing resource names stay stable across this
+upgrade — no PV renames, no re-bind, no data orphaning. The next
+`deploy create` writes both fields going forward.
+
+**Namespace ownership**: on top of distinct resource names, SO stamps
+the k8s namespace with a `laconic.com/deployment-dir` annotation on
+first creation. A subsequent `deployment start` from a different
+deployment directory that would land in the same namespace fails
+with a `DeployerException` pointing at the `namespace:` spec
+override. Catches operator-error cases where the same deployment dir
+is effectively registered twice.
+
+### Caddy ingress image lifecycle
+
+The Caddy ingress controller lives in the cluster-scoped
+`caddy-system` namespace and is installed on first `deployment start`.
+Its image is configurable per deployment:
+
+```yaml
+# spec.yml
+caddy-ingress-image: ghcr.io/laconicnetwork/caddy-ingress:v1.2.3
+```
+
+Two cases, intentionally different:
+
+- **Spec key set**: on first install the manifest is templated with
+  this image. On subsequent `deployment start`, if the running Caddy
+  Deployment's image differs, laconic-so patches it and waits for the
+  rollout. The Deployment uses `strategy: Recreate` (hostPort 80/443
+  blocks rolling updates from ever completing), so expect ~10–30s of
+  ingress downtime while the old pod terminates and the new one
+  starts.
+- **Spec key absent**: on first install the manifest's hardcoded
+  default (`ghcr.io/laconicnetwork/caddy-ingress:latest`) is used.
+  On subsequent `deployment start`, laconic-so does **not** touch the
+  running Caddy Deployment. This matters when the image was set
+  out-of-band (via an ansible playbook, or by another deployment's
+  spec that's since been removed) — a silent revert to the default
+  would be worse than doing nothing. If you want to go back to the
+  default image, set `caddy-ingress-image` to it explicitly.
+
+**Cluster-scoped caveat**: `caddy-system` is shared by every
+deployment on the cluster. Setting `caddy-ingress-image` in any one
+deployment's spec rolls the controller for all of them — last
+`deployment start` wins. Treat it as a cluster-level knob; keep the
+value consistent across the deployments sharing a cluster.
+
 ## Volume Persistence in k8s-kind
 
 k8s-kind has 3 storage layers:
@@ -172,7 +245,9 @@ k8s-kind has 3 storage layers:
 - **Kind Node**: A Docker container simulating a k8s node
 - **Pod Container**: Your workload
 
-For k8s-kind, volumes with paths are mounted from Docker Host → Kind Node → Pod via extraMounts.
+Volumes with paths are mounted from Docker Host → Kind Node → Pod via kind
+`extraMounts`. Kind applies `extraMounts` only at cluster creation — they
+cannot be added to a running cluster.
 
 | spec.yml volume | Storage Location | Survives Pod Restart | Survives Cluster Restart |
 |-----------------|------------------|---------------------|-------------------------|
@@ -200,3 +275,100 @@ Empty-path volumes appear persistent because they survive pod restarts (data liv
 in Kind Node container). However, this data is lost when the kind cluster is
 recreated. This "false persistence" has caused data loss when operators assumed
 their data was safe.
+
+### Shared Clusters: Use `kind-mount-root`
+
+Because kind `extraMounts` can only be set at cluster creation, the first
+deployment to start locks in the mount topology. Later deployments that
+declare new `extraMounts` have them silently ignored — their PVs fall
+through to the kind node's overlay filesystem and lose data on cluster
+destroy.
+
+The fix is an umbrella mount. Set `kind-mount-root` in the spec, pointing
+at a host directory all stacks will share:
+
+```yaml
+# spec.yml
+kind-mount-root: /srv/kind
+
+volumes:
+  my-data: /srv/kind/my-stack/data   # visible at /mnt/my-stack/data in-node
+```
+
+SO emits a single `extraMount` (`<kind-mount-root>` → `/mnt`). Any new
+host subdirectory under the root is visible in the node immediately — no
+cluster recreate needed to add stacks.
+
+**All stacks sharing a cluster must agree on `kind-mount-root`** and keep
+their host paths under it.
+
+### Mount Compatibility Enforcement
+
+`laconic-so deployment start` validates mount topology:
+
+- **On first cluster creation** without an umbrella mount: prints a
+  warning (future stacks may require a full recreate to add mounts).
+- **On cluster reuse**: compares the new deployment's `extraMounts`
+  against the live mounts on the control-plane container. Any mismatch
+  (wrong host path, or mount missing) fails the deploy.
+
+### Static files in compose volumes → auto-ConfigMap
+
+Compose volumes that bind a host file or flat directory into a container
+(e.g. `../config/test/script.sh:/opt/run.sh`) are used to inject static
+content that ships with the stack. k8s doesn't have a native notion of
+this — the canonical way to inject static content is a ConfigMap.
+
+At `deploy start`, laconic-so auto-generates a namespace-scoped
+ConfigMap per host-path compose volume (deduped by source) and mounts
+it into the pod instead of routing the bind through the kind node:
+
+| Source shape | Behavior |
+|---|---|
+| Single file | ConfigMap with one key (the filename); pod mount uses `subPath` so the single key lands at the compose target path |
+| Flat directory (no subdirs, ≤ ~700 KiB) | ConfigMap with one key per file; pod mount exposes all keys at the target path |
+| Directory with subdirs, or over budget | Rejected at `deploy create` — embed in the container image, split into multiple ConfigMaps, or use an initContainer |
+| `:rw` on any host-path bind | Rejected at `deploy create` — use a named volume with a spec-configured host path for writable data |
+
+The deployment dir layout is unchanged: compose files stay verbatim and
+`spec.yml` is not rewritten. Source files remain under
+`{deployment_dir}/config/{pod}/` (as copied by `deploy create`); the
+ConfigMap is built from them at deploy start and no kind extraMount is
+emitted for these paths.
+
+This works identically on kind and real k8s (ConfigMaps are
+cluster-native; no node-side landing pad required), and two deployments
+of the same stack sharing a cluster get their own per-namespace
+ConfigMaps — no aliasing.
+
+### Writable / generated data → named volume + host path
+
+For volumes the workload *writes to* (databases, ledgers, caches, logs),
+use a named volume backed by a spec-configured host path under
+`kind-mount-root`:
+
+```yaml
+# compose
+volumes:
+  - my-data:/var/lib/foo
+
+# spec.yml
+kind-mount-root: /srv/kind
+volumes:
+  my-data: /srv/kind/my-stack/data
+```
+
+Works on both kind (via the umbrella mount) and real k8s (operator
+provisions `/srv/kind/my-stack/data` on each node).
+
+### Migrating an Existing Cluster
+
+If a cluster was created without an umbrella mount and you need to add a
+stack that requires new host-path mounts, the cluster must be recreated:
+
+1. Back up ephemeral state (DBs, caches) from PVs that lack host mounts —
+   these are in the kind node overlay FS and do not survive `kind delete`.
+2. Update every stack's spec to set a shared `kind-mount-root` and place
+   host paths under it.
+3. Stop all deployments, destroy the cluster, recreate it by starting any
+   stack (umbrella now active), and restore state.

stack_orchestrator/constants.py

@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ compose_deploy_type = "compose"
 k8s_kind_deploy_type = "k8s-kind"
 k8s_deploy_type = "k8s"
 cluster_id_key = "cluster-id"
+deployment_id_key = "deployment-id"
 kube_config_key = "kube-config"
 deploy_to_key = "deploy-to"
 network_key = "network"
@@ -47,5 +48,7 @@ high_memlock_runtime = "high-memlock"
 high_memlock_spec_filename = "high-memlock-spec.json"
 acme_email_key = "acme-email"
 kind_mount_root_key = "kind-mount-root"
+caddy_ingress_image_key = "caddy-ingress-image"
+default_caddy_ingress_image = "ghcr.io/laconicnetwork/caddy-ingress:latest"
 external_services_key = "external-services"
 ca_certificates_key = "ca-certificates"

stack_orchestrator/data/compose/docker-compose-host-metrics.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+version: '3.2'
+
+services:
+  host-telegraf:
+    image: telegraf:1.36
+    restart: unless-stopped
+    network_mode: host
+    pid: host
+    entrypoint: ["/scripts/telegraf-entrypoint.sh"]
+    environment:
+      INFLUXDB_URL: ${INFLUXDB_URL}
+      INFLUXDB_DB: ${INFLUXDB_DB:-host_metrics}
+      INFLUXDB_USER: ${INFLUXDB_WRITE_USER}
+      INFLUXDB_PASSWORD: ${INFLUXDB_WRITE_PASSWORD}
+      COLLECT_INTERVAL: ${COLLECT_INTERVAL:-10s}
+      HOST_TAG: ${HOST_TAG:-}
+      COLLECT_ZFS: ${COLLECT_ZFS:-false}
+    volumes:
+      - ../config/host-metrics/telegraf.conf.tpl:/etc/telegraf/telegraf.conf.tpl:ro
+      - ../config/host-metrics/scripts/telegraf-entrypoint.sh:/scripts/telegraf-entrypoint.sh:ro
+      - /proc:/hostfs/proc:ro
+      - /sys:/hostfs/sys:ro
+      - /:/hostfs:ro
+      # /dev is needed by inputs.diskio: it enumerates devices from
+      # /proc/diskstats and then opens /dev/<name> for udev/uevent lookups.
+      # Without this mount telegraf logs an "error reading /dev/<name>" warning
+      # per device per collection cycle.
+      - /dev:/dev:ro
+      # /run/udev is where modern systemd stores the udev database that
+      # gopsutil consults for per-device tags. Without it telegraf falls
+      # back to the legacy /dev/.udev/db/... path which doesn't exist on
+      # systemd hosts, producing "stat /dev/.udev/db/block:..." warnings.
+      - /run/udev:/run/udev:ro

stack_orchestrator/data/compose/docker-compose-test-restart.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+services:
+  test-restart:
+    image: busybox:1.36
+    command: ["sh", "-c", "echo started && sleep infinity"]
+    restart: always

stack_orchestrator/data/config/host-metrics/scripts/telegraf-entrypoint.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+# host-metrics telegraf-entrypoint.sh
+# Render telegraf.conf from telegraf.conf.tpl, then exec telegraf.
+#
+# Substitutions performed here (by awk):
+#   @@HOST_TAG_BLOCK@@ -> "[global_tags]\n  host = \"$HOST_TAG\"" if set, else empty.
+#   @@ZFS_BLOCK@@      -> "[[inputs.zfs]]\n  poolMetrics = true"  if COLLECT_ZFS=true, else empty.
+#
+# Variables of the form ${VAR} in the template (INFLUXDB_URL, INFLUXDB_DB,
+# INFLUXDB_USER, INFLUXDB_PASSWORD, COLLECT_INTERVAL) are resolved by
+# telegraf's own env-var substitution at config-load time and are NOT
+# touched by this script.
+#
+# TELEGRAF_CONF_DIR overrides the conf directory for tests; defaults to
+# /etc/telegraf which is the standard path inside the official image.
+
+set -eu
+
+CONF_DIR="${TELEGRAF_CONF_DIR:-/etc/telegraf}"
+TPL="$CONF_DIR/telegraf.conf.tpl"
+OUT="$CONF_DIR/telegraf.conf"
+
+# Fail-fast required env. Empty string counts as missing -- a half-rendered
+# conf or a noisy telegraf auth error is worse than a clear startup failure.
+for v in INFLUXDB_URL INFLUXDB_USER INFLUXDB_PASSWORD; do
+    eval val=\${$v:-}
+    if [ -z "$val" ]; then
+        echo "FATAL: $v is required but empty" >&2
+        exit 1
+    fi
+done
+
+# Apply defaults for optional vars.
+: "${INFLUXDB_DB:=host_metrics}"
+: "${COLLECT_INTERVAL:=10s}"
+: "${HOST_TAG:=}"
+: "${COLLECT_ZFS:=false}"
+
+# Build the marker substitutions. Use printf for the newline so the
+# rendered block lands on its own line.
+if [ -n "$HOST_TAG" ]; then
+    HOST_TAG_BLOCK=$(printf '[global_tags]\n  host = "%s"' "$HOST_TAG")
+else
+    HOST_TAG_BLOCK=""
+fi
+
+if [ "$COLLECT_ZFS" = "true" ]; then
+    ZFS_BLOCK=$(printf '[[inputs.zfs]]\n  poolMetrics = true')
+else
+    ZFS_BLOCK=""
+fi
+
+# Export telegraf hostfs envs so /proc, /sys, and root come from the
+# bind-mount under /hostfs (set in compose).
+export HOST_PROC=/hostfs/proc
+export HOST_SYS=/hostfs/sys
+export HOST_MOUNT_PREFIX=/hostfs
+
+# Render with awk: handles multi-line replacement values cleanly,
+# avoids sed's newline-in-replacement portability quirks across BusyBox /
+# GNU / BSD sed.
+awk -v ht="$HOST_TAG_BLOCK" -v zb="$ZFS_BLOCK" '
+    { gsub(/@@HOST_TAG_BLOCK@@/, ht);
+      gsub(/@@ZFS_BLOCK@@/, zb);
+      print }
+' "$TPL" > "$OUT"
+
+exec telegraf --config "$OUT"

stack_orchestrator/data/config/host-metrics/scripts/test-telegraf-entrypoint.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+# Offline tests for host-metrics telegraf-entrypoint.sh.
+# Stubs telegraf and envsubst's downstream consumer; no telegraf binary needed.
+set -eu
+
+SCRIPT_DIR=$(cd "$(dirname "$0")" && pwd)
+ENTRYPOINT="$SCRIPT_DIR/telegraf-entrypoint.sh"
+
+[ -x "$ENTRYPOINT" ] || { echo "FATAL: $ENTRYPOINT not executable"; exit 2; }
+
+TMP=$(mktemp -d)
+trap 'rm -rf "$TMP"' EXIT
+mkdir -p "$TMP/bin" "$TMP/etc/telegraf"
+
+# Stub telegraf so `exec telegraf` is a no-op.
+cat > "$TMP/bin/telegraf" <<'EOF'
+#!/bin/sh
+exit 0
+EOF
+chmod +x "$TMP/bin/telegraf"
+
+# Minimal template that exercises both markers.
+cat > "$TMP/etc/telegraf/telegraf.conf.tpl" <<'EOF'
+@@HOST_TAG_BLOCK@@
+
+[agent]
+  interval = "${COLLECT_INTERVAL}"
+
+[[outputs.influxdb]]
+  urls = ["${INFLUXDB_URL}"]
+
+@@ZFS_BLOCK@@
+EOF
+
+PASS=0
+FAIL=0
+
+# run sets required env defaults, then layers caller env on top.
+run() {
+    env PATH="$TMP/bin:$PATH" \
+        TELEGRAF_CONF_DIR="$TMP/etc/telegraf" \
+        INFLUXDB_URL="${INFLUXDB_URL-http://example/}" \
+        INFLUXDB_USER="${INFLUXDB_USER-writer}" \
+        INFLUXDB_PASSWORD="${INFLUXDB_PASSWORD-secret}" \
+        INFLUXDB_DB="${INFLUXDB_DB-host_metrics}" \
+        COLLECT_INTERVAL="${COLLECT_INTERVAL-10s}" \
+        HOST_TAG="${HOST_TAG-}" \
+        COLLECT_ZFS="${COLLECT_ZFS-false}" \
+        sh "$ENTRYPOINT" >/dev/null
+    rc=$?
+    [ -f "$TMP/etc/telegraf/telegraf.conf" ] && cat "$TMP/etc/telegraf/telegraf.conf"
+    return $rc
+}
+
+assert_grep() {
+    name=$1; actual=$2; pattern=$3
+    if printf '%s' "$actual" | grep -qE "$pattern"; then
+        echo "PASS: $name"; PASS=$((PASS + 1))
+    else
+        echo "FAIL: $name"
+        echo "  expected pattern: $pattern"
+        echo "  actual: $actual"
+        FAIL=$((FAIL + 1))
+    fi
+}
+
+assert_not_grep() {
+    name=$1; actual=$2; pattern=$3
+    if printf '%s' "$actual" | grep -qE "$pattern"; then
+        echo "FAIL: $name (matched pattern $pattern)"; FAIL=$((FAIL + 1))
+    else
+        echo "PASS: $name"; PASS=$((PASS + 1))
+    fi
+}
+
+# T1: HOST_TAG unset -> no [global_tags] block emitted
+out=$(HOST_TAG="" run)
+assert_not_grep "T1: HOST_TAG empty -> no global_tags" "$out" '^\[global_tags\]'
+
+# T2: HOST_TAG set -> [global_tags] block with host = "<value>"
+out=$(HOST_TAG="validator-1" run)
+assert_grep "T2: HOST_TAG set -> [global_tags] block" "$out" '^\[global_tags\]'
+assert_grep "T2: HOST_TAG set -> host = \"validator-1\"" "$out" 'host = "validator-1"'
+
+# T3: COLLECT_ZFS=true -> [[inputs.zfs]] block present
+out=$(COLLECT_ZFS="true" run)
+assert_grep "T3: COLLECT_ZFS true -> inputs.zfs block" "$out" '\[\[inputs\.zfs\]\]'
+
+# T4: COLLECT_ZFS=false -> no inputs.zfs block
+out=$(COLLECT_ZFS="false" run)
+assert_not_grep "T4: COLLECT_ZFS false -> no inputs.zfs" "$out" '\[\[inputs\.zfs\]\]'
+
+# T5: markers fully removed even when block bodies are empty
+out=$(HOST_TAG="" COLLECT_ZFS="false" run)
+assert_not_grep "T5: no leftover @@HOST_TAG_BLOCK@@" "$out" '@@HOST_TAG_BLOCK@@'
+assert_not_grep "T5: no leftover @@ZFS_BLOCK@@" "$out" '@@ZFS_BLOCK@@'
+
+# T6: missing INFLUXDB_URL -> exit non-zero, error on stderr
+rc=0
+INFLUXDB_URL="" run 2>"$TMP/err" || rc=$?
+[ "$rc" -ne 0 ] && grep -q INFLUXDB_URL "$TMP/err" \
+    && { echo "PASS: T6: missing INFLUXDB_URL -> error"; PASS=$((PASS + 1)); } \
+    || { echo "FAIL: T6: missing INFLUXDB_URL handling (rc=$rc)"; FAIL=$((FAIL + 1)); }
+
+# T7: missing INFLUXDB_USER -> exit non-zero
+rc=0
+INFLUXDB_USER="" run 2>"$TMP/err" || rc=$?
+[ "$rc" -ne 0 ] && grep -q INFLUXDB_USER "$TMP/err" \
+    && { echo "PASS: T7: missing INFLUXDB_USER -> error"; PASS=$((PASS + 1)); } \
+    || { echo "FAIL: T7: missing INFLUXDB_USER handling (rc=$rc)"; FAIL=$((FAIL + 1)); }
+
+# T8: missing INFLUXDB_PASSWORD -> exit non-zero
+rc=0
+INFLUXDB_PASSWORD="" run 2>"$TMP/err" || rc=$?
+[ "$rc" -ne 0 ] && grep -q INFLUXDB_PASSWORD "$TMP/err" \
+    && { echo "PASS: T8: missing INFLUXDB_PASSWORD -> error"; PASS=$((PASS + 1)); } \
+    || { echo "FAIL: T8: missing INFLUXDB_PASSWORD handling (rc=$rc)"; FAIL=$((FAIL + 1)); }
+
+echo
+echo "Results: $PASS passed, $FAIL failed"
+[ "$FAIL" = "0" ]

stack_orchestrator/data/config/host-metrics/telegraf.conf.tpl

@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+# host-metrics telegraf template.
+# Rendered at container start by telegraf-entrypoint.sh. The entrypoint
+# replaces two single-line markers in this file with TOML block fragments;
+# see telegraf-entrypoint.sh for the substitution details. All ${...}
+# variables are resolved by telegraf's native env substitution at
+# config-load time.
+
+@@HOST_TAG_BLOCK@@
+
+[agent]
+  interval = "${COLLECT_INTERVAL}"
+  round_interval = true
+  collection_jitter = "0s"
+  flush_interval = "${COLLECT_INTERVAL}"
+  flush_jitter = "0s"
+  precision = "0s"
+  hostname = ""
+  omit_hostname = false
+
+[[outputs.influxdb]]
+  urls = ["${INFLUXDB_URL}"]
+  database = "${INFLUXDB_DB}"
+  skip_database_creation = true
+  username = "${INFLUXDB_USER}"
+  password = "${INFLUXDB_PASSWORD}"
+  retention_policy = ""
+  write_consistency = "any"
+  timeout = "10s"
+
+[[inputs.cpu]]
+  percpu = false
+  totalcpu = true
+  collect_cpu_time = false
+  report_active = true
+
+[[inputs.mem]]
+
+[[inputs.swap]]
+
+[[inputs.system]]
+
+[[inputs.processes]]
+
+[[inputs.disk]]
+  # gopsutil with HOST_MOUNT_PREFIX=/hostfs strips the /hostfs prefix
+  # from /proc/mounts entries, so the mountpoints telegraf sees are
+  # the host's real paths (/, /boot, /home, ...). No mount_points
+  # filter; let ignore_fs do the noise reduction.
+  ignore_fs = ["tmpfs", "devtmpfs", "devfs", "iso9660", "overlay",
+               "aufs", "squashfs", "nsfs", "tracefs", "proc", "sysfs",
+               "cgroup", "cgroup2", "fuse.lxcfs"]
+
+[[inputs.diskio]]
+  device_tags = ["DEVNAME"]
+  skip_serial_number = true
+  name_templates = ["$DEVNAME"]
+
+[[inputs.net]]
+  # Allowlist covers physical ethernet (eth*, en*), wireless (wl*),
+  # cellular (wwan*), and bonded/teamed interfaces (bond*). Excludes
+  # docker bridges, veth pairs, tun/tap, and lo. Adjust per host if
+  # you need a more specific scope.
+  ignore_protocol_stats = true
+  interfaces = ["eth*", "en*", "wl*", "wwan*", "bond*"]
+
+@@ZFS_BLOCK@@

stack_orchestrator/data/k8s/components/ingress/ingress-caddy-kind-deploy.yaml

@@ -160,6 +160,11 @@ metadata:
     app.kubernetes.io/component: controller
 spec:
   replicas: 1
+  # Recreate is required: the pod binds hostPort 80/443, which a
+  # RollingUpdate would try to double-claim during cutover (new pod
+  # pending until old pod exits — never exits, rollout deadlocks).
+  strategy:
+    type: Recreate
   selector:
     matchLabels:
       app.kubernetes.io/name: caddy-ingress-controller

stack_orchestrator/data/stacks/host-metrics/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
+# host-metrics stack
+
+Per-host system metrics collector. Runs telegraf with host networking, host
+PID namespace, and read-only bind mounts of /proc, /sys, and / so it can
+report real CPU, memory, disk, network, and process metrics for the machine
+it runs on. Writes to an InfluxDB 1.x endpoint of your choosing.
+
+Deploy one instance per machine you want monitored.
+
+## What gets collected
+
+| Input | Measurements (in InfluxDB) |
+|-------|----------------------------|
+| inputs.cpu (totalcpu only) | cpu (`cpu=cpu-total`) |
+| inputs.mem | mem |
+| inputs.swap | swap |
+| inputs.system | system (uptime, load1/5/15, n_users, n_cpus) |
+| inputs.processes | processes (running/sleeping/blocked/zombies) |
+| inputs.disk | disk (used/free/used_percent per mount) |
+| inputs.diskio | diskio (read/write bytes/ops per device) |
+| inputs.net | net (bytes/packets/err in/out per interface) |
+| inputs.zfs (opt-in via COLLECT_ZFS=true) | zfs (ARC stats, pool state) |
+
+All rows are tagged with `host` (kernel hostname, or `HOST_TAG` override).
+
+## Deploy
+
+### Create a spec
+
+```bash
+laconic-so --stack host-metrics deploy init --output spec-host-metrics.yml
+```
+
+Edit `spec-host-metrics.yml` to look like:
+
+```yaml
+stack: host-metrics
+deploy-to: compose
+credentials-files:
+  - ~/.credentials/host-metrics.env
+config:
+  INFLUXDB_URL: 'https://influxdb.example.com'
+  INFLUXDB_DB: 'host_metrics'          # default; override for a custom DB
+  HOST_TAG: 'validator-1'              # optional; defaults to kernel hostname
+  COLLECT_INTERVAL: '10s'              # telegraf collection + flush cadence
+  COLLECT_ZFS: 'false'                 # set to 'true' on ZFS hosts
+```
+
+`~/.credentials/host-metrics.env` must contain:
+
+```
+INFLUXDB_WRITE_USER=<writer-username>
+INFLUXDB_WRITE_PASSWORD=<writer-password>
+```
+
+These are issued by the InfluxDB admin (the monitoring host operator); they
+are the same writer-only credentials used by validators/RPCs to push agave
+metrics.
+
+### Create and start
+
+```bash
+laconic-so --stack host-metrics deploy create \
+    --spec-file spec-host-metrics.yml \
+    --deployment-dir ./deployment-host-metrics
+laconic-so deployment --dir ./deployment-host-metrics start
+```
+
+`deploy create` builds the deployment dir from the spec; `deployment start`
+brings the containers up. The `--stack` option is required for `deploy`
+subcommands but rejected on `deployment` subcommands (the deployment dir
+already knows its stack).
+
+### Verify
+
+```bash
+laconic-so deployment --dir ./deployment-host-metrics logs host-telegraf | head
+```
+
+Expected: telegraf prints its startup banner and `Loaded inputs: ...`. No
+errors about missing config or auth failures.
+
+Within ~20 seconds, the host's data appears in the InfluxDB endpoint's
+`host_metrics` database (or whichever DB you set in INFLUXDB_DB) and in
+any Grafana dashboards bound to that DB.
+
+## Configuration reference
+
+| Env | Required | Default | Notes |
+|-----|----------|---------|-------|
+| `INFLUXDB_URL` | yes | - | Full URL including scheme. Example: `https://influxdb.example.com`. |
+| `INFLUXDB_DB` | no | `host_metrics` | Target database. Must exist (writer is not granted CREATE). |
+| `INFLUXDB_WRITE_USER` | yes | - | Writer-only user. |
+| `INFLUXDB_WRITE_PASSWORD` | yes | - | Writer-only password. |
+| `COLLECT_INTERVAL` | no | `10s` | Telegraf collection and flush cadence. |
+| `HOST_TAG` | no | empty | Overrides the kernel hostname for the `host` tag on every row. Useful when a VM has a generic hostname. |
+| `COLLECT_ZFS` | no | `false` | Set to `true` to enable `inputs.zfs` (pool state + ARC stats). |
+
+## ZFS hosts
+
+`inputs.disk` already reports used/free per mount for any filesystem type
+including ZFS, so the disk-usage view works out of the box. Setting
+`COLLECT_ZFS=true` additionally enables `inputs.zfs` which reads
+`/proc/spl/kstat/zfs/...` and emits ARC hit ratio, ARC size, and per-pool
+health metrics. The bind mount of `/proc` provides the necessary
+visibility; no extra mounts are needed.
+
+If you set `COLLECT_ZFS=true` on a non-ZFS host, telegraf logs an error
+once per collection cycle and skips the input. Harmless but noisy; leave
+the toggle off on non-ZFS machines.
+
+## Troubleshooting
+
+| Symptom | Likely cause |
+|---------|-------------|
+| Container fails to start with `FATAL: INFLUXDB_URL is required but empty` | Missing required env. Check spec.yml + credentials file. |
+| Container starts, no rows appear in InfluxDB | Writer credentials wrong, or InfluxDB unreachable from this host's network. Check `docker logs <host-telegraf>` for `Post ... 401` / `connection refused`. |
+| Two hosts overwriting each other's series | Both use the same kernel hostname. Set distinct `HOST_TAG` values. |
+| `inputs.processes` reports only 1 process | `pid: host` missing from compose. Re-deploy. |
+
+## Caveats
+
+- Requires Docker with privileges to bind-mount `/`, `/proc`, `/sys`, and to
+  share the host PID namespace. Rootless Docker installations may refuse
+  `pid: host` and the `/` bind mount.
+- One deployment per host. Running two on the same machine writes
+  duplicate rows under the same `host` tag.

stack_orchestrator/data/stacks/host-metrics/stack.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+version: "1.1"
+name: host-metrics
+description: "Per-host system metrics collector (telegraf -> InfluxDB)"
+pods:
+  - host-metrics

stack_orchestrator/data/stacks/test-restart-multi/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+# test-restart-multi
+
+E2E test stack used by `tests/k8s-deploy/run-restart-test.sh` to cover the
+multi-repo case: `pods:` references two pod repos, each shipping its own
+`deploy/commands.py`. `deploy create` should produce
+`<deployment>/hooks/commands_0.py` and `<deployment>/hooks/commands_1.py`,
+and `deployment start` should invoke both `start()` hooks (each writes its
+own marker file so neither overwrites the other).
+
+The pod repos themselves are created by the test script as bare-repo +
+working-clone pairs under `$CERC_REPO_BASE_DIR/test-restart-pod-{a,b}`;
+they are not committed to this repository. Each pod repo ships its own
+`docker-compose.yml` (resolved by `get_pod_file_path` for dict-form pods)
+and `stack/deploy/commands.py` — the stack repo only owns `stack.yml`.

stack_orchestrator/data/stacks/test-restart-multi/stack.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+version: "1.0"
+name: test-restart-multi
+description: "E2E test stack for the deployment restart command (multi-repo case)"
+pods:
+  - name: test-restart-multi-a
+    repository: test-restart-pod-a
+    path: .
+  - name: test-restart-multi-b
+    repository: test-restart-pod-b
+    path: .

stack_orchestrator/data/stacks/test-restart/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+# test-restart
+
+E2E test stack used by `tests/k8s-deploy/run-restart-test.sh`.
+
+The stack ships a small `start()` hook that writes a versioned marker file
+into the deployment directory. The test exercises `deployment restart`:
+
+1. `deploy create` → asserts `commands.py` was copied into `<deployment>/hooks/`.
+2. `deployment start` → asserts the marker file contains the v1 string.
+3. Modifies `commands.py` in the stack-source working tree (v1 → v2).
+4. `deployment restart` → asserts the new `commands.py` was re-copied into
+   `<deployment>/hooks/` and the marker file now contains the v2 string.
+
+The pod uses a public `busybox` image that just sleeps; the marker file is
+the only thing under test.

stack_orchestrator/data/stacks/test-restart/deploy/commands.py

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+# Copyright © 2026 Vulcanize
+
+# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+# the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+# (at your option) any later version.
+
+# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+# GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+# along with this program.  If not, see <http:#www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+from stack_orchestrator.util import get_yaml
+from stack_orchestrator.deploy.deployment_context import DeploymentContext
+
+default_spec_file_content = ""
+
+
+def init(command_context):
+    return get_yaml().load(default_spec_file_content)
+
+
+def start(deployment_context: DeploymentContext):
+    # Writes a marker file the e2e test asserts on. The test flips the
+    # literal below from "v1" to "v2" in the stack-source working tree
+    # before running 'deployment restart' to verify the updated hook is
+    # copied into deployment_dir/hooks/ and re-executed.
+    marker = deployment_context.deployment_dir / "marker"
+    marker.write_text("v1")

stack_orchestrator/data/stacks/test-restart/stack.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+version: "1.0"
+name: test-restart
+description: "E2E test stack for the deployment restart command"
+pods:
+  - test-restart

stack_orchestrator/deploy/compose/deploy_docker.py

@@ -48,10 +48,21 @@ class DockerDeployer(Deployer):
         self.compose_project_name = compose_project_name
         self.compose_env_file = compose_env_file
 
-    def up(self, detach, skip_cluster_management, services, image_overrides=None):
+    def up(
+        self,
+        detach,
+        skip_cluster_management,
+        services,
+        image_overrides=None,
+        force_recreate=False,
+    ):
         if not opts.o.dry_run:
             try:
-                return self.docker.compose.up(detach=detach, services=services)
+                return self.docker.compose.up(
+                    detach=detach,
+                    services=services,
+                    force_recreate=force_recreate,
+                )
             except DockerException as e:
                 raise DeployerException(e)
 

stack_orchestrator/deploy/deploy.py

@@ -142,6 +142,7 @@ def up_operation(
     stay_attached=False,
     skip_cluster_management=False,
     image_overrides=None,
+    force_recreate=False,
 ):
     global_context = ctx.parent.parent.obj
     deploy_context = ctx.obj
@@ -161,6 +162,7 @@ def up_operation(
         skip_cluster_management=skip_cluster_management,
         services=services_list,
         image_overrides=image_overrides,
+        force_recreate=force_recreate,
     )
     for post_start_command in cluster_context.post_start_commands:
         _run_command(global_context, cluster_context.cluster, post_start_command)

stack_orchestrator/deploy/deployer.py

@@ -20,7 +20,14 @@ from typing import Optional
 
 class Deployer(ABC):
     @abstractmethod
-    def up(self, detach, skip_cluster_management, services, image_overrides=None):
+    def up(
+        self,
+        detach,
+        skip_cluster_management,
+        services,
+        image_overrides=None,
+        force_recreate=False,
+    ):
         pass
 
     @abstractmethod

stack_orchestrator/deploy/deployment.py

@@ -471,12 +471,18 @@ def restart(ctx, stack_path, spec_file, config_file, force, expected_ip, image):
             ctx, deployment_context, maintenance_svc, image_overrides
         )
     else:
+        # force_recreate=True so source-file edits (alert rules, dashboards,
+        # entrypoint scripts, etc. mounted via bind volumes) are picked up.
+        # docker compose up -d alone is a no-op when the service definition
+        # itself is unchanged, leaving the running container with stale
+        # in-memory state.
         up_operation(
             ctx,
             services_list=None,
             stay_attached=False,
             skip_cluster_management=True,
             image_overrides=image_overrides or None,
+            force_recreate=True,
         )
 
     # Restore cwd after both create_operation and up_operation have run.
@@ -514,12 +520,15 @@ def _restart_with_maintenance(
 
     # Step 1: Apply the full deployment (creates/updates all pods + services)
     # This ensures maintenance pod exists before we swap Ingress to it.
+    # force_recreate intent matches the non-maintenance restart path; the
+    # k8s deployer currently ignores the flag (TODO in deploy_k8s.up).
     up_operation(
         ctx,
         services_list=None,
         stay_attached=False,
         skip_cluster_management=True,
         image_overrides=image_overrides or None,
+        force_recreate=True,
     )
 
     # Parse maintenance service spec: "container-name:port"

stack_orchestrator/deploy/deployment_context.py

@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ from stack_orchestrator.deploy.spec import Spec
 class DeploymentContext:
     deployment_dir: Path
     id: str
+    deployment_id: str
     spec: Spec
     stack: Stack
 
@@ -48,8 +49,27 @@ class DeploymentContext:
         return self.get_compose_dir() / f"docker-compose-{name}.yml"
 
     def get_cluster_id(self):
+        """Identifier of the kind cluster this deployment attaches to.
+
+        Shared across deployments that join the same kind cluster. Used
+        for the kube-config context name (`kind-{cluster-id}`) and for
+        kind cluster lifecycle ops.
+        """
         return self.id
 
+    def get_deployment_id(self):
+        """Identifier of this particular deployment's k8s resources.
+
+        Distinct per deployment even when multiple deployments share a
+        cluster. Used as compose_project_name → app_name → prefix for
+        all k8s resource names (PVs, ConfigMaps, Deployments, …).
+
+        Backward compat: for deployment.yml files written before this
+        field existed, falls back to cluster-id so existing on-disk
+        resource names remain stable (no PV renames, no re-bind).
+        """
+        return self.deployment_id
+
     def init(self, dir: Path):
         self.deployment_dir = dir.absolute()
         self.spec = Spec()
@@ -60,6 +80,10 @@ class DeploymentContext:
         if deployment_file_path.exists():
             obj = get_yaml().load(open(deployment_file_path, "r"))
             self.id = obj[constants.cluster_id_key]
+            # Fallback to cluster-id for deployments created before the
+            # deployment-id field was introduced. Keeps existing resource
+            # names stable across this upgrade.
+            self.deployment_id = obj.get(constants.deployment_id_key, self.id)
         # Handle the case of a legacy deployment with no file
         # Code below is intended to match the output from _make_default_cluster_name()
         # TODO: remove when we no longer need to support legacy deployments
@@ -68,6 +92,7 @@ class DeploymentContext:
             unique_cluster_descriptor = f"{path},{self.get_stack_file()},None,None"
             hash = hashlib.md5(unique_cluster_descriptor.encode()).hexdigest()[:16]
             self.id = f"{constants.cluster_name_prefix}{hash}"
+            self.deployment_id = self.id
 
     def modify_yaml(self, file_path: Path, modifier_func):
         """Load a YAML, apply a modification function, and write it back."""

stack_orchestrator/deploy/deployment_create.py

@@ -51,8 +51,10 @@ from stack_orchestrator.util import (
 )
 from stack_orchestrator.deploy.spec import Spec
 from stack_orchestrator.deploy.deploy_types import LaconicStackSetupCommand
+from stack_orchestrator.deploy.deployer import DeployerException
 from stack_orchestrator.deploy.deployer_factory import getDeployerConfigGenerator
 from stack_orchestrator.deploy.deployment_context import DeploymentContext
+from stack_orchestrator.deploy.k8s.helpers import is_host_path_mount
 
 
 def _make_default_deployment_dir():
@@ -274,19 +276,125 @@ def call_stack_deploy_start(deployment_context):
     create additional k8s resources (Services, etc.) in the deployment namespace.
     The namespace can be derived as f"laconic-{deployment_context.id}".
     """
-    python_file_paths = _commands_plugin_paths(deployment_context.stack.name)
+    hooks_dir = deployment_context.deployment_dir / "hooks"
-    for python_file_path in python_file_paths:
+    if not hooks_dir.exists():
-        if python_file_path.exists():
+        return
-            spec = util.spec_from_file_location("commands", python_file_path)
+    for python_file_path in sorted(hooks_dir.glob("commands*.py")):
-            if spec is None or spec.loader is None:
+        spec = util.spec_from_file_location("commands", python_file_path)
-                continue
+        if spec is None or spec.loader is None:
-            imported_stack = util.module_from_spec(spec)
+            continue
-            spec.loader.exec_module(imported_stack)
+        imported_stack = util.module_from_spec(spec)
-            if _has_method(imported_stack, "start"):
+        spec.loader.exec_module(imported_stack)
-                imported_stack.start(deployment_context)
+        if _has_method(imported_stack, "start"):
+            imported_stack.start(deployment_context)
 
 
 # Inspect the pod yaml to find config files referenced in subdirectories
+# Safety margin under the k8s ConfigMap 1 MiB hard limit. Accounts for
+# base64 expansion (~33%) and ConfigMap metadata overhead.
+_HOST_PATH_CONFIGMAP_BUDGET_BYTES = 700 * 1024
+
+
+def _validate_host_path_mounts(parsed_pod_file, pod_name, pod_file_path):
+    """Fail fast at deploy create on unsupported host-path compose volumes.
+
+    Host-path compose volumes (`<src>:<dst>[:opts]` with src starting
+    with /, ., or ~) flow through auto-generated ConfigMaps at deploy
+    start. ConfigMaps can't represent:
+      - directories with subdirectories (flat key space)
+      - content exceeding ~700 KiB (k8s 1 MiB limit minus base64/overhead)
+      - writable mounts (ConfigMap mounts are read-only)
+
+    Reject those shapes up front with a clear error so users don't hit
+    the failure later at start time.
+
+    Source resolution: compose paths like `../config/foo.sh` are
+    relative to the compose file location in the stack source tree at
+    deploy create time. At deploy start, the file is read from the
+    matching copy under `{deployment_dir}/config/{pod}/` that deploy
+    create lays down.
+    """
+    compose_stack_dir = Path(pod_file_path).resolve().parent
+    services = parsed_pod_file.get("services") or {}
+    for service_name, service_info in services.items():
+        for volume_str in service_info.get("volumes") or []:
+            parts = volume_str.split(":")
+            if len(parts) < 2:
+                continue
+            src = parts[0]
+            if not is_host_path_mount(src):
+                continue
+            mount_opts = parts[2] if len(parts) > 2 else None
+            opt_tokens = (
+                [t.strip() for t in mount_opts.split(",") if t.strip()]
+                if mount_opts
+                else []
+            )
+            if "rw" in opt_tokens:
+                raise DeployerException(
+                    f"Writable host-path bind not supported: "
+                    f"'{volume_str}' in {pod_name}/{service_name}.\n"
+                    "Host-path binds from the deployment directory are "
+                    "static content injected as ConfigMaps (read-only). "
+                    "Use a named volume with a spec-configured host path "
+                    "under 'kind-mount-root' for writable data. See "
+                    "docs/deployment_patterns.md."
+                )
+
+            abs_src = (compose_stack_dir / src).resolve()
+            if not abs_src.exists():
+                # Preserve existing behavior — compose-level binds with
+                # missing sources fail later; don't introduce a new
+                # early failure mode here.
+                continue
+            if abs_src.is_file():
+                # Single files are always fine — one-key ConfigMap with
+                # subPath. Budget check here too in case of huge single
+                # files.
+                size = abs_src.stat().st_size
+                if size > _HOST_PATH_CONFIGMAP_BUDGET_BYTES:
+                    raise DeployerException(
+                        f"Host-path bind '{volume_str}' in "
+                        f"{pod_name}/{service_name} points at a file of "
+                        f"{size} bytes, exceeding the ConfigMap budget "
+                        f"({_HOST_PATH_CONFIGMAP_BUDGET_BYTES} bytes "
+                        f"after base64/overhead).\n\n"
+                        "Embed the file in the container image at build "
+                        "time, or split into multiple smaller files."
+                    )
+                continue
+            if abs_src.is_dir():
+                entries = list(abs_src.iterdir())
+                if any(p.is_dir() for p in entries):
+                    raise DeployerException(
+                        f"Directory host-path bind '{volume_str}' in "
+                        f"{pod_name}/{service_name} contains "
+                        "subdirectories, which cannot be represented "
+                        "in a k8s ConfigMap.\n\n"
+                        "Restructure the stack to either:\n"
+                        "  - embed the directory in the container "
+                        "image at build time,\n"
+                        "  - split into multiple ConfigMap entries "
+                        "(one per subdir),\n"
+                        "  - or use an initContainer to populate the "
+                        "content at runtime.\n\n"
+                        "See docs/deployment_patterns.md."
+                    )
+                total = sum(p.stat().st_size for p in entries if p.is_file())
+                if total > _HOST_PATH_CONFIGMAP_BUDGET_BYTES:
+                    raise DeployerException(
+                        f"Directory host-path bind '{volume_str}' in "
+                        f"{pod_name}/{service_name} totals {total} "
+                        f"bytes, exceeding the ConfigMap budget "
+                        f"({_HOST_PATH_CONFIGMAP_BUDGET_BYTES} bytes "
+                        f"after base64/overhead).\n\n"
+                        "Embed the content in the container image at "
+                        "build time, or split into smaller ConfigMaps. "
+                        "See docs/deployment_patterns.md."
+                    )
+
+
+# _find_extra_config_dirs: Find config dirs referenced in the pod files
 # other than the one associated with the pod
 def _find_extra_config_dirs(parsed_pod_file, pod):
     config_dirs = set()
@@ -778,7 +886,15 @@ def _create_deployment_file(deployment_dir: Path, stack_source: Optional[Path] =
     # Reuse existing Kind cluster if one exists, otherwise generate a timestamp-based ID
     existing = _get_existing_kind_cluster()
     cluster = existing if existing else generate_id("laconic")
-    deployment_content = {constants.cluster_id_key: cluster}
+    # deployment-id is always fresh per `deploy create`, even when
+    # cluster-id is inherited from a running cluster. Keeps each
+    # deployment's k8s resource names (PVs, ConfigMaps, Deployment)
+    # distinct even when multiple deployments share a cluster.
+    deployment_id = generate_id("laconic")
+    deployment_content = {
+        constants.cluster_id_key: cluster,
+        constants.deployment_id_key: deployment_id,
+    }
     if stack_source:
         deployment_content["stack-source"] = str(stack_source)
     with open(deployment_file_path, "w") as output_file:
@@ -994,6 +1110,37 @@ def _safe_copy_tree(src: Path, dst: Path, exclude_patterns: Optional[List[str]]
             safe_copy_file(src_path, dst_path)
 
 
+def _copy_hooks(stack_name: str, target_dir: Path):
+    """Copy commands.py hooks into deployment_dir/hooks/ for self-sufficiency.
+
+    Single repo: hooks/commands.py
+    Multi-repo: hooks/commands_0.py, hooks/commands_1.py, ... — indexed by
+    plugin path order.
+
+    Note: the whole commands.py file is copied (init/setup/create/start), but
+    at runtime only call_stack_deploy_start loads from this copied location.
+    call_stack_deploy_init, call_stack_deploy_setup, and call_stack_deploy_create
+    still resolve commands.py from the live stack source via
+    get_plugin_code_paths — they only run at deploy create time when the source
+    is guaranteed to be present, so they don't need to be self-sufficient.
+    """
+    plugin_paths = get_plugin_code_paths(stack_name)
+    sources = [
+        p.joinpath("deploy", "commands.py")
+        for p in plugin_paths
+        if p.joinpath("deploy", "commands.py").exists()
+    ]
+    if not sources:
+        return
+    hooks_dir = target_dir / "hooks"
+    hooks_dir.mkdir(exist_ok=True)
+    if len(sources) == 1:
+        copyfile(sources[0], hooks_dir / "commands.py")
+    else:
+        for i, src in enumerate(sources):
+            copyfile(src, hooks_dir / f"commands_{i}.py")
+
+
 def _write_deployment_files(
     target_dir: Path,
     spec_file: Path,
@@ -1021,6 +1168,8 @@ def _write_deployment_files(
     copyfile(spec_file, target_dir.joinpath(constants.spec_file_name))
     copyfile(stack_file, target_dir.joinpath(constants.stack_file_name))
 
+    _copy_hooks(stack_name, target_dir)
+
     # Create deployment file if requested
     if include_deployment_file:
         _create_deployment_file(target_dir, stack_source=stack_source)
@@ -1058,6 +1207,12 @@ def _write_deployment_files(
         if pod_file_path is None:
             continue
         parsed_pod_file = yaml.load(open(pod_file_path, "r"))
+        # Reject host-path compose volumes whose shape can't land as a
+        # ConfigMap (dir-with-subdirs, oversize, writable). File-level
+        # and flat-dir host-path binds are accepted — they auto-convert
+        # to ConfigMaps at deploy start via cluster_info.get_configmaps.
+        if parsed_spec.is_kubernetes_deployment():
+            _validate_host_path_mounts(parsed_pod_file, pod, pod_file_path)
         extra_config_dirs = _find_extra_config_dirs(parsed_pod_file, pod)
         destination_pod_dir = destination_pods_dir.joinpath(pod)
         os.makedirs(destination_pod_dir, exist_ok=True)
@@ -1126,7 +1281,9 @@ def _write_deployment_files(
             else:
                 source_config_dir = resolve_config_dir(stack_name, configmap_name)
             if os.path.exists(source_config_dir):
-                destination_config_dir = target_dir.joinpath("configmaps", configmap_name)
+                destination_config_dir = target_dir.joinpath(
+                    "configmaps", configmap_name
+                )
                 copytree(source_config_dir, destination_config_dir, dirs_exist_ok=True)
 
     # Copy the job files into the target dir
@@ -1138,6 +1295,8 @@ def _write_deployment_files(
             job_file_path = get_job_file_path(stack_name, parsed_stack, job)
             if job_file_path and job_file_path.exists():
                 parsed_job_file = yaml.load(open(job_file_path, "r"))
+                if parsed_spec.is_kubernetes_deployment():
+                    _validate_host_path_mounts(parsed_job_file, job, job_file_path)
                 _fixup_pod_file(parsed_job_file, parsed_spec, destination_compose_dir)
                 with open(
                     destination_compose_jobs_dir.joinpath(

stack_orchestrator/deploy/dns_probe.py

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 import secrets
 import socket
 import time
-from typing import Optional
+from typing import List, Optional
 import requests
 from kubernetes import client
 
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ def get_server_egress_ip() -> str:
     return response.text.strip()
 
 
-def resolve_hostname(hostname: str) -> list[str]:
+def resolve_hostname(hostname: str) -> List[str]:
     """Resolve hostname to list of IP addresses."""
     try:
         _, _, ips = socket.gethostbyname_ex(hostname)

stack_orchestrator/deploy/k8s/cluster_info.py

@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
 
 import os
 import base64
+from pathlib import Path
 
 from kubernetes import client
 from typing import Any, List, Optional, Set
@@ -22,7 +23,10 @@ from typing import Any, List, Optional, Set
 from stack_orchestrator.opts import opts
 from stack_orchestrator.util import env_var_map_from_file
 from stack_orchestrator.deploy.k8s.helpers import (
+    is_host_path_mount,
     named_volumes_from_pod_files,
+    resolve_host_path_for_kind,
+    sanitize_host_path_to_volume_name,
     volume_mounts_for_service,
     volumes_for_pod_files,
 )
@@ -433,8 +437,85 @@ class ClusterInfo:
                 binary_data=data,
             )
             result.append(spec)
+
+        # Auto-generated ConfigMaps for file-level and flat-dir host-path
+        # compose volumes. Avoids the aliasing failure mode where two
+        # deployments sharing a cluster would collide at the same kind
+        # node path — each deployment gets its own namespace-scoped
+        # ConfigMap instead. See docs/deployment_patterns.md.
+        result.extend(self._host_path_bind_configmaps())
         return result
 
+    def _host_path_bind_configmaps(self) -> List[client.V1ConfigMap]:
+        """Build V1ConfigMap objects for host-path compose volumes.
+
+        Walks every service in every parsed pod/job compose file. For each
+        volume whose source is a host path (starts with /, ., or ~),
+        reads the resolved file or flat directory from the deployment
+        directory and packages it as a V1ConfigMap.
+
+        Dedupes by sanitized name across pods and services — a source
+        referenced from N places yields one ConfigMap.
+        """
+        if self.spec.file_path is None:
+            return []
+        deployment_dir = Path(self.spec.file_path).parent
+        seen: Set[str] = set()
+        result: List[client.V1ConfigMap] = []
+
+        all_pod_maps = [self.parsed_pod_yaml_map, self.parsed_job_yaml_map]
+        for pod_map in all_pod_maps:
+            for _pod_key, pod in pod_map.items():
+                services = pod.get("services") or {}
+                for _svc_name, svc in services.items():
+                    for mount_string in svc.get("volumes") or []:
+                        parts = mount_string.split(":")
+                        if len(parts) < 2:
+                            continue
+                        src = parts[0]
+                        if not is_host_path_mount(src):
+                            continue
+                        sanitized = sanitize_host_path_to_volume_name(src)
+                        if sanitized in seen:
+                            continue
+                        seen.add(sanitized)
+                        abs_src = resolve_host_path_for_kind(src, deployment_dir)
+                        data = self._read_host_path_source(abs_src, mount_string)
+                        cm = client.V1ConfigMap(
+                            metadata=client.V1ObjectMeta(
+                                name=f"{self.app_name}-{sanitized}",
+                                labels=self._stack_labels(
+                                    {"configmap-label": sanitized}
+                                ),
+                            ),
+                            binary_data=data,
+                        )
+                        result.append(cm)
+        return result
+
+    def _read_host_path_source(self, abs_src: Path, mount_string: str) -> dict:
+        """Read file or flat-directory content for a host-path ConfigMap.
+
+        Validates shape at read time as a defensive second check — the
+        same rules are enforced earlier at `deploy create`, but deploy-
+        dir content may have been edited since then.
+        """
+        if not abs_src.exists():
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                f"Source for host-path compose volume does not exist: "
+                f"{abs_src} (volume: '{mount_string}')"
+            )
+        data = {}
+        if abs_src.is_file():
+            with open(abs_src, "rb") as f:
+                data[abs_src.name] = base64.b64encode(f.read()).decode("ASCII")
+        elif abs_src.is_dir():
+            for entry in abs_src.iterdir():
+                if entry.is_file():
+                    with open(entry, "rb") as f:
+                        data[entry.name] = base64.b64encode(f.read()).decode("ASCII")
+        return data
+
     def get_pvs(self):
         result = []
         spec_volumes = self.spec.get_volumes()
@@ -621,7 +702,11 @@ class ClusterInfo:
                     if self.spec.get_image_registry() is not None
                     else image
                 )
-                volume_mounts = volume_mounts_for_service(parsed_yaml_map, service_name)
+                volume_mounts = volume_mounts_for_service(
+                    parsed_yaml_map,
+                    service_name,
+                    Path(self.spec.file_path).parent if self.spec.file_path else None,
+                )
                 # Handle command/entrypoint from compose file
                 # In docker-compose: entrypoint -> k8s command, command -> k8s args
                 container_command = None
@@ -928,9 +1013,7 @@ class ClusterInfo:
                 metadata=client.V1ObjectMeta(
                     name=deployment_name,
                     labels=self._stack_labels(
-                        {"app.kubernetes.io/component": pod_name}
+                        {"app.kubernetes.io/component": pod_name} if multi_pod else None
-                        if multi_pod
-                        else None
                     ),
                 ),
                 spec=spec,
@@ -978,9 +1061,7 @@ class ClusterInfo:
                     container_ports[container].add(port)
         if maintenance_svc and ":" in maintenance_svc:
             maint_container, maint_port_str = maintenance_svc.split(":", 1)
-            container_ports.setdefault(maint_container, set()).add(
+            container_ports.setdefault(maint_container, set()).add(int(maint_port_str))
-                int(maint_port_str)
-            )
 
         # Build map: pod_file -> set of service names in that pod
         pod_services_map: dict = {}

stack_orchestrator/deploy/k8s/deploy_k8s.py

@@ -20,14 +20,22 @@ from kubernetes.client.exceptions import ApiException
 from typing import Any, Dict, List, Optional, cast
 
 from stack_orchestrator import constants
-from stack_orchestrator.deploy.deployer import Deployer, DeployerConfigGenerator
+from stack_orchestrator.deploy.deployer import (
+    Deployer,
+    DeployerConfigGenerator,
+    DeployerException,
+)
 from stack_orchestrator.deploy.k8s.helpers import (
+    check_mounts_compatible,
     create_cluster,
     destroy_cluster,
+    get_kind_cluster,
+    is_image_available_locally,
     load_images_into_kind,
 )
 from stack_orchestrator.deploy.k8s.helpers import (
     install_ingress_for_kind,
+    update_caddy_ingress_image,
     wait_for_ingress_in_kind,
     is_ingress_running,
 )
@@ -123,27 +131,34 @@ class K8sDeployer(Deployer):
             return
         self.deployment_dir = deployment_context.deployment_dir
         self.deployment_context = deployment_context
+        # kind cluster name comes from cluster-id — which kind cluster this
+        # deployment attaches to. Shared across deployments that join the
+        # same cluster. compose_project_name is kept as a parameter for
+        # interface compatibility with the compose deployer path.
+        cluster_id = deployment_context.get_cluster_id()
+        deployment_id = deployment_context.get_deployment_id()
         self.kind_cluster_name = (
-            deployment_context.spec.get_kind_cluster_name() or compose_project_name
+            deployment_context.spec.get_kind_cluster_name() or cluster_id
-        )
-        # Use spec namespace if provided, otherwise derive from cluster-id
-        self.k8s_namespace = (
-            deployment_context.spec.get_namespace() or f"laconic-{compose_project_name}"
         )
         self.cluster_info = ClusterInfo()
         # stack.name may be an absolute path (from spec "stack:" key after
         # path resolution). Extract just the directory basename for labels.
         raw_name = deployment_context.stack.name if deployment_context else ""
         stack_name = Path(raw_name).name if raw_name else ""
-        # Use spec namespace if provided, otherwise derive from stack name
+        # Namespace: spec override wins; else derive from stack name; else
+        # fall back to deployment-id. (On older deployment.yml files without
+        # deployment-id, get_deployment_id() returns cluster-id — same as
+        # the pre-decouple behavior.)
         self.k8s_namespace = deployment_context.spec.get_namespace() or (
-            f"laconic-{stack_name}" if stack_name else f"laconic-{compose_project_name}"
+            f"laconic-{stack_name}" if stack_name else f"laconic-{deployment_id}"
         )
         self.cluster_info = ClusterInfo()
+        # app_name comes from deployment-id so each deployment owns its own
+        # k8s resource names, even when multiple deployments share a cluster.
         self.cluster_info.int(
             compose_files,
             compose_env_file,
-            compose_project_name,
+            deployment_id,
             deployment_context.spec,
             stack_name=stack_name,
         )
@@ -175,28 +190,71 @@ class K8sDeployer(Deployer):
         self.custom_obj_api = client.CustomObjectsApi()
 
     def _ensure_namespace(self):
-        """Create the deployment namespace if it doesn't exist."""
+        """Create the deployment namespace if it doesn't exist.
+
+        Stamps the namespace with a `laconic.com/deployment-dir`
+        annotation so that a subsequent `deployment start` from a
+        different deployment dir — which would otherwise silently
+        patch this deployment's k8s resources in place — fails with
+        a clear error directing at the `namespace:` spec override.
+        """
         if opts.o.dry_run:
             print(f"Dry run: would create namespace {self.k8s_namespace}")
             return
+        owner_key = "laconic.com/deployment-dir"
+        my_dir = str(Path(self.deployment_dir).resolve())
         try:
-            self.core_api.read_namespace(name=self.k8s_namespace)
+            existing = self.core_api.read_namespace(name=self.k8s_namespace)
-            if opts.o.debug:
-                print(f"Namespace {self.k8s_namespace} already exists")
         except ApiException as e:
-            if e.status == 404:
+            if e.status != 404:
-                # Create the namespace
-                ns = client.V1Namespace(
-                    metadata=client.V1ObjectMeta(
-                        name=self.k8s_namespace,
-                        labels=self.cluster_info._stack_labels(),
-                    )
-                )
-                self.core_api.create_namespace(body=ns)
-                if opts.o.debug:
-                    print(f"Created namespace {self.k8s_namespace}")
-            else:
                 raise
+            existing = None
+
+        if existing is None:
+            ns = client.V1Namespace(
+                metadata=client.V1ObjectMeta(
+                    name=self.k8s_namespace,
+                    labels=self.cluster_info._stack_labels(),
+                    annotations={owner_key: my_dir},
+                )
+            )
+            self.core_api.create_namespace(body=ns)
+            if opts.o.debug:
+                print(f"Created namespace {self.k8s_namespace} " f"owned by {my_dir}")
+            return
+
+        annotations = (existing.metadata.annotations or {}) if existing.metadata else {}
+        owner = annotations.get(owner_key)
+        if owner and owner != my_dir:
+            raise DeployerException(
+                f"Namespace '{self.k8s_namespace}' is already owned by "
+                f"another deployment at:\n  {owner}\n"
+                f"\nThis deployment is at:\n  {my_dir}\n"
+                "\nTwo deployments of the same stack sharing a cluster "
+                "cannot share a namespace — every namespace-scoped "
+                "resource (Deployment, ConfigMaps, Services, PVCs) "
+                "would collide and silently patch each other.\n"
+                "\nFix: add an explicit `namespace:` override to this "
+                "deployment's spec.yml so it lands in its own "
+                "namespace. For example:\n"
+                f"  namespace: {self.k8s_namespace}-<suffix>\n"
+                "\n(k8s namespace names must be lowercase alphanumeric "
+                "plus '-', start and end with an alphanumeric character, "
+                "≤63 chars.)"
+            )
+        if not owner:
+            # Legacy namespace (pre-dates this check) or user-created.
+            # Adopt it by stamping the ownership annotation so
+            # subsequent conflicting deployments fail loudly.
+            patch = {"metadata": {"annotations": {owner_key: my_dir}}}
+            self.core_api.patch_namespace(name=self.k8s_namespace, body=patch)
+            if opts.o.debug:
+                print(
+                    f"Adopted existing namespace {self.k8s_namespace} "
+                    f"as owned by {my_dir}"
+                )
+        elif opts.o.debug:
+            print(f"Namespace {self.k8s_namespace} already owned by {my_dir}")
 
     def _delete_namespace(self):
         """Delete the deployment namespace and all resources within it."""
@@ -776,23 +834,62 @@ class K8sDeployer(Deployer):
             actual_cluster = create_cluster(self.kind_cluster_name, kind_config)
             if actual_cluster != self.kind_cluster_name:
                 self.kind_cluster_name = actual_cluster
-            # Only load locally-built images into kind
             local_containers = self.deployment_context.stack.obj.get("containers", [])
-            if local_containers:
+            images_to_preload = set((self.image_overrides or {}).values()) | {
-                local_images = {
+                img
-                    img
+                for img in self.cluster_info.image_set
-                    for img in self.cluster_info.image_set
+                if any(c in img for c in local_containers)
-                    if any(c in img for c in local_containers)
+            }
-                }
+            images_to_preload = {
-                if local_images:
+                img for img in images_to_preload if is_image_available_locally(img)
-                    load_images_into_kind(self.kind_cluster_name, local_images)
+            }
+            if images_to_preload:
+                load_images_into_kind(self.kind_cluster_name, images_to_preload)
+        elif self.is_kind():
+            # --skip-cluster-management (default): cluster must already exist.
+            # Without this check, connect_api() below raises a cryptic
+            # kubernetes.config.ConfigException when the context is missing.
+            existing = get_kind_cluster()
+            if existing is None:
+                raise DeployerException(
+                    f"No kind cluster is running. This deployment expects "
+                    f"cluster '{self.kind_cluster_name}' to exist.\n"
+                    "\n"
+                    "--skip-cluster-management is the default; pass "
+                    "--perform-cluster-management to have laconic-so "
+                    "create the cluster, or start it manually first."
+                )
+            if existing != self.kind_cluster_name:
+                raise DeployerException(
+                    f"Running kind cluster '{existing}' does not match the "
+                    f"cluster-id '{self.kind_cluster_name}' in "
+                    f"{self.deployment_dir}/deployment.yml.\n"
+                    "\n"
+                    "Fix by either:\n"
+                    "  - editing deployment.yml to set "
+                    f"cluster-id: {existing}, or\n"
+                    "  - passing --perform-cluster-management to create a "
+                    "fresh cluster (note: destroys the existing one if "
+                    "names collide)."
+                )
+            # Mount topology applies regardless of who owns cluster
+            # lifecycle — validate here too.
+            kind_config = str(
+                self.deployment_dir.joinpath(constants.kind_config_filename)
+            )
+            check_mounts_compatible(existing, kind_config)
         self.connect_api()
         self._ensure_namespace()
+        caddy_image = self.cluster_info.spec.get_caddy_ingress_image()
+        # Fresh-install path: gated on cluster lifecycle ownership
+        # because install_ingress_for_kind also seeds caddy-system
+        # (namespace, secrets restore, cert-backup CronJob).
         if self.is_kind() and not self.skip_cluster_management:
             if not is_ingress_running():
                 install_ingress_for_kind(
                     self.cluster_info.spec.get_acme_email(),
                     self.cluster_info.spec.get_kind_mount_root(),
+                    caddy_image=caddy_image,
                 )
                 wait_for_ingress_in_kind()
             if self.cluster_info.spec.get_unlimited_memlock():
@@ -800,6 +897,18 @@ class K8sDeployer(Deployer):
                     constants.high_memlock_runtime,
                     constants.high_memlock_runtime,
                 )
+        # Reconcile Caddy image whenever the operator explicitly set
+        # it in spec, regardless of cluster lifecycle ownership —
+        # --skip-cluster-management (the default) shouldn't prevent
+        # a routine k8s-API-level patch of a running Deployment.
+        # Spec absent => don't touch: the operator may have set the
+        # image out-of-band (ansible playbook, prior explicit spec on
+        # a different deployment) and a silent revert would be worse
+        # than doing nothing. caddy-system is cluster-scoped, so
+        # whichever deployment's spec sets the image last wins.
+        if self.is_kind() and caddy_image is not None and is_ingress_running():
+            if update_caddy_ingress_image(caddy_image):
+                wait_for_ingress_in_kind()
 
     def _create_ingress(self):
         """Create or update Ingress with TLS certificate lookup."""
@@ -878,7 +987,19 @@ class K8sDeployer(Deployer):
                     else:
                         raise
 
-    def up(self, detach, skip_cluster_management, services, image_overrides=None):
+    def up(
+        self,
+        detach,
+        skip_cluster_management,
+        services,
+        image_overrides=None,
+        force_recreate=False,
+    ):
+        # TODO: honor force_recreate by stamping the
+        # kubectl.kubernetes.io/restartedAt annotation on managed
+        # Deployments so a rollout occurs even when the manifest is
+        # unchanged. Today this method is a no-op for that flag.
+        # Tracked separately from the compose-side fix.
         # Merge spec-level image overrides with CLI overrides
         spec_overrides = self.cluster_info.spec.get("image-overrides", {})
         if spec_overrides:
@@ -915,9 +1036,7 @@ class K8sDeployer(Deployer):
 
             call_stack_deploy_start(self.deployment_context)
 
-    def down(
+    def down(self, timeout, volumes, skip_cluster_management, delete_namespace=False):
-        self, timeout, volumes, skip_cluster_management, delete_namespace=False
-    ):
         """Tear down stack-labeled resources. Phases:
 
         1. Delete namespaced resources (if namespace still exists).
@@ -1111,34 +1230,68 @@ class K8sDeployer(Deployer):
         listers = []
         if namespace_present:
             listers += [
-                ("deployment", lambda: self.apps_api.list_namespaced_deployment(
+                (
-                    namespace=namespace, label_selector=selector)),
+                    "deployment",
-                ("ingress", lambda: self.networking_api.list_namespaced_ingress(
+                    lambda: self.apps_api.list_namespaced_deployment(
-                    namespace=namespace, label_selector=selector)),
+                        namespace=namespace, label_selector=selector
-                ("job", lambda: self.batch_api.list_namespaced_job(
+                    ),
-                    namespace=namespace, label_selector=selector)),
+                ),
-                ("service", lambda: self.core_api.list_namespaced_service(
+                (
-                    namespace=namespace, label_selector=selector)),
+                    "ingress",
-                ("configmap", lambda: self.core_api.list_namespaced_config_map(
+                    lambda: self.networking_api.list_namespaced_ingress(
-                    namespace=namespace, label_selector=selector)),
+                        namespace=namespace, label_selector=selector
-                ("secret", lambda: self.core_api.list_namespaced_secret(
+                    ),
-                    namespace=namespace, label_selector=selector)),
+                ),
-                ("pod", lambda: self.core_api.list_namespaced_pod(
+                (
-                    namespace=namespace, label_selector=selector)),
+                    "job",
+                    lambda: self.batch_api.list_namespaced_job(
+                        namespace=namespace, label_selector=selector
+                    ),
+                ),
+                (
+                    "service",
+                    lambda: self.core_api.list_namespaced_service(
+                        namespace=namespace, label_selector=selector
+                    ),
+                ),
+                (
+                    "configmap",
+                    lambda: self.core_api.list_namespaced_config_map(
+                        namespace=namespace, label_selector=selector
+                    ),
+                ),
+                (
+                    "secret",
+                    lambda: self.core_api.list_namespaced_secret(
+                        namespace=namespace, label_selector=selector
+                    ),
+                ),
+                (
+                    "pod",
+                    lambda: self.core_api.list_namespaced_pod(
+                        namespace=namespace, label_selector=selector
+                    ),
+                ),
             ]
             if delete_volumes:
                 listers.append(
-                    ("persistentvolumeclaim",
+                    (
-                     lambda: self.core_api.list_namespaced_persistent_volume_claim(
+                        "persistentvolumeclaim",
-                         namespace=namespace, label_selector=selector))
+                        lambda: self.core_api.list_namespaced_persistent_volume_claim(
+                            namespace=namespace, label_selector=selector
+                        ),
+                    )
                 )
         # PVs are cluster-scoped — wait for them even when the namespace
         # is already gone (orphaned from a prior --delete-namespace).
         if delete_volumes:
             listers.append(
-                ("persistentvolume",
+                (
-                 lambda: self.core_api.list_persistent_volume(
+                    "persistentvolume",
-                     label_selector=selector))
+                    lambda: self.core_api.list_persistent_volume(
+                        label_selector=selector
+                    ),
+                )
             )
 
         def remaining():
@@ -1166,8 +1319,7 @@ class K8sDeployer(Deployer):
         left = remaining()
         if left:
             print(
-                f"Warning: resources still present after {timeout_seconds}s: "
+                f"Warning: resources still present after {timeout_seconds}s: " f"{left}"
-                f"{left}"
             )
 
     def status(self):

stack_orchestrator/deploy/k8s/helpers.py

@@ -15,11 +15,13 @@
 
 from kubernetes import client, utils, watch
 from kubernetes.client.exceptions import ApiException
+import json
 import os
 from pathlib import Path
 import subprocess
 import re
-from typing import Set, Mapping, List, Optional, cast
+import sys
+from typing import Dict, Set, Mapping, List, Optional, cast
 import yaml
 
 from stack_orchestrator.util import get_k8s_dir, error_exit
@@ -205,9 +207,7 @@ def _install_caddy_cert_backup(
             print("No kind-mount-root configured; caddy cert backup disabled")
         return
     manifest = os.path.abspath(
-        get_k8s_dir().joinpath(
+        get_k8s_dir().joinpath("components", "ingress", "caddy-cert-backup.yaml")
-            "components", "ingress", "caddy-cert-backup.yaml"
-        )
     )
     with open(manifest) as f:
         objects = list(yaml.safe_load_all(f))
@@ -216,6 +216,172 @@ def _install_caddy_cert_backup(
         print("Installed caddy cert backup CronJob")
 
 
+def _parse_kind_extra_mounts(config_file: str) -> List[Dict[str, str]]:
+    """Return the list of extraMounts declared in a kind config file."""
+    try:
+        with open(config_file) as f:
+            config = yaml.safe_load(f) or {}
+    except (OSError, yaml.YAMLError) as e:
+        if opts.o.debug:
+            print(f"Could not parse kind config {config_file}: {e}")
+        return []
+    mounts = []
+    for node in config.get("nodes", []) or []:
+        for m in node.get("extraMounts", []) or []:
+            host_path = m.get("hostPath")
+            container_path = m.get("containerPath")
+            if host_path and container_path:
+                mounts.append({"hostPath": host_path, "containerPath": container_path})
+    return mounts
+
+
+def _get_control_plane_node(cluster_name: str) -> Optional[str]:
+    """Return the kind control-plane node container name for a cluster."""
+    result = subprocess.run(
+        ["kind", "get", "nodes", "--name", cluster_name],
+        capture_output=True,
+        text=True,
+    )
+    if result.returncode != 0:
+        return None
+    for line in result.stdout.splitlines():
+        line = line.strip()
+        if line.endswith("control-plane"):
+            return line
+    return None
+
+
+def _get_running_cluster_mounts(cluster_name: str) -> Dict[str, str]:
+    """Return {containerPath: hostPath} for bind mounts on the control-plane."""
+    node = _get_control_plane_node(cluster_name)
+    if not node:
+        return {}
+    result = subprocess.run(
+        ["docker", "inspect", node, "--format", "{{json .Mounts}}"],
+        capture_output=True,
+        text=True,
+    )
+    if result.returncode != 0:
+        return {}
+    try:
+        mounts = json.loads(result.stdout or "[]")
+    except json.JSONDecodeError:
+        return {}
+    return {
+        m["Destination"]: m["Source"]
+        for m in mounts
+        if m.get("Type") == "bind" and m.get("Destination") and m.get("Source")
+    }
+
+
+def check_mounts_compatible(cluster_name: str, config_file: str) -> None:
+    """Fail if the new deployment's extraMounts aren't active on the cluster.
+
+    Kind applies extraMounts only at cluster creation. When a deployment
+    joins an existing cluster, any extraMount its kind-config declares that
+    isn't already active on the running node will silently fall through to
+    the node's overlay filesystem — data looks persisted but is lost on
+    cluster destroy. Catch this up front.
+    """
+    required = _parse_kind_extra_mounts(config_file)
+    if not required:
+        return
+    live = _get_running_cluster_mounts(cluster_name)
+    if not live:
+        # Could not inspect — don't block deployment, but warn.
+        print(
+            f"WARNING: could not inspect mounts on cluster '{cluster_name}'; "
+            "skipping extraMount compatibility check",
+            file=sys.stderr,
+        )
+        return
+    # File-level host-path binds (e.g. `./config/x.sh` from compose volumes)
+    # are emitted per-deployment with containerPath `/mnt/host-path-*` and
+    # source paths under each deployment's own directory. Two deployments
+    # of the same stack will always clash here — a pre-existing SO aliasing
+    # misfeature that's orthogonal to umbrella compatibility. Skip them so
+    # this check stays focused on the umbrella and named-volume data mounts
+    # it was designed for.
+    mismatches = []
+    for m in required:
+        dest = m["containerPath"]
+        if dest.startswith("/mnt/host-path-"):
+            continue
+        want = m["hostPath"]
+        have = live.get(dest)
+        if have != want:
+            mismatches.append((dest, want, have))
+    if not mismatches:
+        return
+    lines = [
+        f"This deployment declares extraMounts incompatible with the "
+        f"running cluster '{cluster_name}':",
+    ]
+    for dest, want, have in mismatches:
+        lines.append(
+            f"  - {dest}: expected host path '{want}', "
+            f"actual '{have or 'NOT MOUNTED'}'"
+        )
+    lines.append("")
+
+    cluster_umbrella = live.get("/mnt")
+    if cluster_umbrella:
+        lines.extend(
+            [
+                f"The running cluster has an umbrella mount: "
+                f"'{cluster_umbrella}' -> /mnt.",
+                "",
+                f"Fix: set 'kind-mount-root: {cluster_umbrella}' in this "
+                "deployment's spec and place host paths for its volumes "
+                f"under '{cluster_umbrella}/'. Kind applies extraMounts "
+                "only at cluster creation, so new bind mounts cannot be "
+                "added to the running cluster without a recreate — but "
+                "the existing umbrella already covers any subdirectory "
+                "you create on the host.",
+            ]
+        )
+    else:
+        lines.extend(
+            [
+                "The running cluster has no umbrella mount "
+                "(no extraMount with containerPath=/mnt).",
+                "",
+                "Kind applies extraMounts only at cluster creation — "
+                "neither kind nor Docker supports adding bind mounts to "
+                "a running container. Without a recreate, any PV backed "
+                "by one of the missing mounts will silently fall through "
+                "to the node's overlay filesystem and lose data on "
+                "cluster destroy.",
+                "",
+                "Fix: destroy and recreate the cluster with a kind-config "
+                "that sets 'kind-mount-root' so future stacks can share "
+                "an umbrella without recreating.",
+            ]
+        )
+    lines.append("")
+    lines.append("See docs/deployment_patterns.md.")
+    raise DeployerException("\n".join(lines))
+
+
+def _warn_if_no_umbrella(config_file: str) -> None:
+    """Warn if creating a cluster without a '/mnt' umbrella mount.
+
+    Without an umbrella, future stacks joining this cluster that need new
+    host-path mounts will fail the compatibility check and require a full
+    cluster recreate to add them.
+    """
+    mounts = _parse_kind_extra_mounts(config_file)
+    if any(m.get("containerPath") == "/mnt" for m in mounts):
+        return
+    print(
+        "WARNING: creating kind cluster without an umbrella mount "
+        "('kind-mount-root' not set). Future stacks added to this cluster "
+        "that require new host-path mounts will not be able to without a "
+        "full cluster recreate. See docs/deployment_patterns.md.",
+        file=sys.stderr,
+    )
+
+
 def create_cluster(name: str, config_file: str):
     """Create or reuse the single kind cluster for this host.
 
@@ -232,8 +398,10 @@ def create_cluster(name: str, config_file: str):
     existing = get_kind_cluster()
     if existing:
         print(f"Using existing cluster: {existing}")
+        check_mounts_compatible(existing, config_file)
         return existing
 
+    _warn_if_no_umbrella(config_file)
     print(f"Creating new cluster: {name}")
     result = _run_command(f"kind create cluster --name {name} --config {config_file}")
     if result.returncode != 0:
@@ -294,7 +462,9 @@ def wait_for_ingress_in_kind():
 
 
 def install_ingress_for_kind(
-    acme_email: str = "", kind_mount_root: Optional[str] = None
+    acme_email: str = "",
+    kind_mount_root: Optional[str] = None,
+    caddy_image: Optional[str] = None,
 ):
     api_client = client.ApiClient()
     ingress_install = os.path.abspath(
@@ -305,7 +475,7 @@ def install_ingress_for_kind(
     if opts.o.debug:
         print("Installing Caddy ingress controller in kind cluster")
 
-    # Template the YAML with email before applying
+    # Template the YAML with email and image before applying
     with open(ingress_install) as f:
         yaml_content = f.read()
 
@@ -316,6 +486,24 @@ def install_ingress_for_kind(
 
     yaml_objects = list(yaml.safe_load_all(yaml_content))
 
+    # Override the Caddy container's image when a spec value is set.
+    # Works regardless of what's hardcoded in the manifest — we locate
+    # the container by name and overwrite its image field, rather than
+    # relying on a string match of the default.
+    if caddy_image:
+        for obj in yaml_objects:
+            if not obj:
+                continue
+            if (
+                obj.get("kind") == "Deployment"
+                and obj.get("metadata", {}).get("name") == "caddy-ingress-controller"
+            ):
+                for c in obj["spec"]["template"]["spec"].get("containers") or []:
+                    if c.get("name") == "caddy-ingress-controller":
+                        c["image"] = caddy_image
+                        if opts.o.debug:
+                            print(f"Configured Caddy image: {caddy_image}")
+
     # Split: apply everything except the Caddy controller Deployment first,
     # so the namespace + secrets exist before the pod can start and read its
     # secret_store. Race-free: Caddy has no way to see the cluster until
@@ -358,6 +546,75 @@ def install_ingress_for_kind(
     _install_caddy_cert_backup(api_client, kind_mount_root)
 
 
+def update_caddy_ingress_image(caddy_image: str) -> bool:
+    """Patch the running Caddy ingress Deployment to a new image.
+
+    No-op if the live Deployment already runs the requested image.
+    Returns True if a patch was applied, False otherwise.
+
+    Caddy lives in the cluster-scoped `caddy-system` namespace, so
+    this affects every deployment sharing the cluster. The
+    `strategy: Recreate` in the Deployment manifest handles the
+    hostPort-80/443 handoff; expect ~10-30s of ingress downtime while
+    the old pod terminates and the new one starts.
+    """
+    apps_api = client.AppsV1Api()
+    try:
+        dep = apps_api.read_namespaced_deployment(
+            name="caddy-ingress-controller", namespace="caddy-system"
+        )
+    except ApiException as e:
+        if e.status == 404:
+            if opts.o.debug:
+                print(
+                    "Caddy ingress Deployment not found; nothing to "
+                    "update (install path handles fresh clusters)"
+                )
+            return False
+        raise
+
+    containers = dep.spec.template.spec.containers or []
+    current = containers[0].image if containers else None
+    if current == caddy_image:
+        if opts.o.debug:
+            print(f"Caddy image already at {caddy_image}; no update needed")
+        return False
+
+    print(
+        f"Updating Caddy ingress image: {current} -> {caddy_image} "
+        "(expect brief ingress downtime)"
+    )
+    patch = {
+        "spec": {
+            "template": {
+                "spec": {
+                    "containers": [
+                        {
+                            "name": "caddy-ingress-controller",
+                            "image": caddy_image,
+                            "imagePullPolicy": "Always",
+                        }
+                    ]
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    apps_api.patch_namespaced_deployment(
+        name="caddy-ingress-controller",
+        namespace="caddy-system",
+        body=patch,
+    )
+    return True
+
+
+def is_image_available_locally(image: str) -> bool:
+    result = subprocess.run(
+        ["docker", "image", "inspect", image],
+        capture_output=True,
+    )
+    return result.returncode == 0
+
+
 def load_images_into_kind(kind_cluster_name: str, image_set: Set[str]):
     for image in image_set:
         result = _run_command(
@@ -435,7 +692,7 @@ def get_kind_pv_bind_mount_path(
     return f"/mnt/{volume_name}"
 
 
-def volume_mounts_for_service(parsed_pod_files, service):
+def volume_mounts_for_service(parsed_pod_files, service, deployment_dir=None):
     result = []
     # Find the service
     for pod in parsed_pod_files:
@@ -459,11 +716,24 @@ def volume_mounts_for_service(parsed_pod_files, service):
                             mount_options = (
                                 mount_split[2] if len(mount_split) == 3 else None
                             )
-                            # For host path mounts, use sanitized name
+                            sub_path = None
+                            # For host path mounts, use sanitized name.
+                            # When the source resolves to a single file,
+                            # the auto-generated ConfigMap has one key
+                            # (the file basename). Set subPath so the
+                            # mount lands at the compose target as a
+                            # single file, not as a directory with the
+                            # key as a child entry.
                             if is_host_path_mount(volume_name):
                                 k8s_volume_name = sanitize_host_path_to_volume_name(
                                     volume_name
                                 )
+                                if deployment_dir is not None:
+                                    abs_src = resolve_host_path_for_kind(
+                                        volume_name, deployment_dir
+                                    )
+                                    if abs_src.is_file():
+                                        sub_path = abs_src.name
                             else:
                                 k8s_volume_name = volume_name
                             if opts.o.debug:
@@ -471,10 +741,12 @@ def volume_mounts_for_service(parsed_pod_files, service):
                                 print(f"k8s_volume_name: {k8s_volume_name}")
                                 print(f"mount path: {mount_path}")
                                 print(f"mount options: {mount_options}")
+                                print(f"sub_path: {sub_path}")
                             volume_device = client.V1VolumeMount(
                                 mount_path=mount_path,
                                 name=k8s_volume_name,
                                 read_only="ro" == mount_options,
+                                sub_path=sub_path,
                             )
                             result.append(volume_device)
     return result
@@ -507,7 +779,11 @@ def volumes_for_pod_files(parsed_pod_files, spec, app_name):
                     )
                     result.append(volume)
 
-        # Handle host path mounts from service volumes
+        # File-level and flat-dir host-path compose volumes flow through
+        # auto-generated ConfigMaps. Emit a ConfigMap-backed V1Volume so
+        # the pod reads from the namespace-scoped ConfigMap rather than
+        # a kind-node hostPath (which would alias across deployments
+        # sharing a cluster and not work on real k8s at all).
         if "services" in parsed_pod_file:
             services = parsed_pod_file["services"]
             for service_name in services:
@@ -522,19 +798,19 @@ def volumes_for_pod_files(parsed_pod_files, spec, app_name):
                             )
                             if sanitized_name not in seen_host_path_volumes:
                                 seen_host_path_volumes.add(sanitized_name)
-                                # Create hostPath volume for mount inside kind node
+                                config_map = client.V1ConfigMapVolumeSource(
-                                kind_mount_path = get_kind_host_path_mount_path(
+                                    name=f"{app_name}-{sanitized_name}",
-                                    sanitized_name
+                                    default_mode=0o755,
-                                )
-                                host_path_source = client.V1HostPathVolumeSource(
-                                    path=kind_mount_path, type="FileOrCreate"
                                 )
                                 volume = client.V1Volume(
-                                    name=sanitized_name, host_path=host_path_source
+                                    name=sanitized_name, config_map=config_map
                                 )
                                 result.append(volume)
                                 if opts.o.debug:
-                                    print(f"Created hostPath volume: {sanitized_name}")
+                                    print(
+                                        f"Created configmap-backed host-path "
+                                        f"volume: {sanitized_name}"
+                                    )
     return result
 
 
@@ -553,7 +829,6 @@ def _make_absolute_host_path(data_mount_path: Path, deployment_dir: Path) -> Pat
 def _generate_kind_mounts(parsed_pod_files, deployment_dir, deployment_context):
     volume_definitions = []
     volume_host_path_map = _get_host_paths_for_volumes(deployment_context)
-    seen_host_path_mounts = set()  # Track to avoid duplicate mounts
     kind_mount_root = deployment_context.spec.get_kind_mount_root()
 
     # When kind-mount-root is set, emit a single extraMount for the root.
@@ -590,26 +865,12 @@ def _generate_kind_mounts(parsed_pod_files, deployment_dir, deployment_context):
                         mount_path = mount_split[1]
 
                         if is_host_path_mount(volume_name):
-                            # Host path mount - add extraMount for kind
+                            # File-level host-path binds (e.g. compose
-                            sanitized_name = sanitize_host_path_to_volume_name(
+                            # `../config/foo.sh:/opt/foo.sh`) flow
-                                volume_name
+                            # through an auto-generated k8s ConfigMap at
-                            )
+                            # deploy start — no extraMount needed. See
-                            if sanitized_name not in seen_host_path_mounts:
+                            # cluster_info.get_configmaps().
-                                seen_host_path_mounts.add(sanitized_name)
+                            continue
-                                # Resolve path relative to compose directory
-                                host_path = resolve_host_path_for_kind(
-                                    volume_name, deployment_dir
-                                )
-                                container_path = get_kind_host_path_mount_path(
-                                    sanitized_name
-                                )
-                                volume_definitions.append(
-                                    f"  - hostPath: {host_path}\n"
-                                    f"    containerPath: {container_path}\n"
-                                    f"    propagation: HostToContainer\n"
-                                )
-                                if opts.o.debug:
-                                    print(f"Added host path mount: {host_path}")
                         else:
                             # Named volume
                             if opts.o.debug:

stack_orchestrator/deploy/spec.py

@@ -304,6 +304,24 @@ class Spec:
         """
         return self.obj.get(constants.kind_mount_root_key)
 
+    def get_caddy_ingress_image(self) -> typing.Optional[str]:
+        """Return the Caddy ingress controller image override, or None.
+
+        Returns None (not the default image) when the spec key is
+        absent. That distinction matters: the install path falls back
+        to the hardcoded default so there's always *some* image to
+        deploy, while the update-on-reuse path treats None as "operator
+        didn't ask to touch Caddy" and skips the patch — avoiding
+        silent reverts of an image set out-of-band (e.g. via an
+        ansible playbook or a prior deployment's spec).
+
+        Cluster-scoped: the Caddy ingress lives in the shared
+        `caddy-system` namespace, so setting this key in any
+        deployment's spec rolls the controller for every deployment
+        using the cluster.
+        """
+        return self.obj.get(constants.caddy_ingress_image_key)
+
     def get_maintenance_service(self) -> typing.Optional[str]:
         """Return maintenance-service value (e.g. 'dumpster-maintenance:8000') or None.
 

tests/k8s-deploy/run-deploy-test.sh

@@ -147,7 +147,13 @@ deployment_spec_file=${test_deployment_dir}/spec.yml
 sed -i 's/^secrets: {}$/secrets:\n  test-secret:\n    - TEST_SECRET_KEY/' ${deployment_spec_file}
 
 # Get the deployment ID and namespace for kubectl queries
-deployment_id=$(cat ${test_deployment_dir}/deployment.yml | cut -d ' ' -f 2)
+# deployment-id is what flows into app_name → resource name prefix.
+# Fall back to cluster-id for deployment.yml files written before the
+# deployment-id field existed (pre-decouple compatibility).
+deployment_id=$(awk '/^deployment-id:/ {print $2; exit}' ${test_deployment_dir}/deployment.yml)
+if [ -z "$deployment_id" ]; then
+    deployment_id=$(awk '/^cluster-id:/ {print $2; exit}' ${test_deployment_dir}/deployment.yml)
+fi
 # Namespace is derived from stack name: laconic-{stack_name}
 deployment_ns="laconic-test"
 
@@ -166,6 +172,41 @@ for kind in serviceaccount role rolebinding cronjob; do
 done
 echo "caddy-cert-backup install test: passed"
 
+# Host-path compose volumes (../config/test/script.sh, ../config/test/settings.env)
+# should flow through auto-generated per-namespace ConfigMaps — no kind
+# extraMount, no compose/spec rewriting. The pod mount lands via
+# ConfigMap + subPath.
+for cm_name in \
+        "${deployment_id}-host-path-config-test-script-sh" \
+        "${deployment_id}-host-path-config-test-settings-env"; do
+    if ! kubectl get configmap "$cm_name" -n "$deployment_ns" >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+        echo "host-path configmap test: ConfigMap $cm_name not found"
+        cleanup_and_exit
+    fi
+done
+echo "host-path configmap test: passed"
+
+# Deployment dir should be untouched — compose file still has the
+# original host-path volume entries and no synthetic configmap dirs.
+if ! grep -q '\.\./config/test/script\.sh:/opt/run\.sh' \
+     "$test_deployment_dir/compose/docker-compose-test.yml"; then
+    echo "compose unchanged test: host-path volume entry missing"
+    cleanup_and_exit
+fi
+if [ -d "$test_deployment_dir/configmaps/host-path-config-test-script-sh" ]; then
+    echo "compose unchanged test: unexpected configmaps/host-path-* dir present"
+    cleanup_and_exit
+fi
+echo "compose unchanged test: passed"
+
+# kind-config.yml should NOT contain /mnt/host-path-* extraMounts —
+# they are replaced by the ConfigMap mechanism.
+if grep -q 'containerPath: /mnt/host-path-' "$test_deployment_dir/kind-config.yml"; then
+    echo "no-host-path-extramount test: FAILED"
+    cleanup_and_exit
+fi
+echo "no-host-path-extramount test: passed"
+
 # Check logs command works
 wait_for_log_output
 sleep 1
@@ -372,14 +413,16 @@ if [ "$restored_value" != "$fake_cert_value" ]; then
 fi
 echo "caddy cert restore test: passed"
 
-# Final teardown: --delete-namespace nukes the namespace after labeled cleanup.
+# Final teardown: --delete-namespace nukes the namespace, and
-# Verify the namespace is actually gone.
+# --perform-cluster-management tears down the Kind cluster so the next test
+# step in this CI workflow (e.g. run-restart-test.sh) starts from a clean
+# host.
 $TEST_TARGET_SO deployment --dir $test_deployment_dir \
-    stop --delete-volumes --delete-namespace --skip-cluster-management
+    stop --delete-volumes --delete-namespace --perform-cluster-management
-if kubectl get namespace ${deployment_ns} >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+if kind get clusters 2>/dev/null | grep -q .; then
-    echo "delete-namespace test: FAILED (namespace still present)"
+    echo "cluster teardown test: FAILED (kind cluster still present)"
     exit 1
 fi
-echo "delete-namespace test: passed"
+echo "cluster teardown test: passed"
 
 echo "Test passed"

tests/k8s-deploy/run-restart-test.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,265 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+set -e
+if [ -n "$CERC_SCRIPT_DEBUG" ]; then
+    set -x
+    echo "Environment variables:"
+    env
+fi
+
+# Helper functions: TODO move into a separate file (mirrors run-deploy-test.sh:10).
+wait_for_pods_started () {
+    local dir=$1
+    for i in {1..50}
+    do
+        local ps_output=$( $TEST_TARGET_SO deployment --dir $dir ps )
+
+        if [[ "$ps_output" == *"Running containers:"* ]]; then
+            return
+        else
+            sleep 5
+        fi
+    done
+    echo "waiting for pods to start: FAILED"
+    cleanup_and_exit
+}
+
+# Multi-pod stacks aren't visible to 'deployment ps' (deploy_k8s.py:1366
+# filters by app_name-deployment substring, which doesn't match
+# laconic-<id>-<podname>-deployment-<hash> names). Wait via kubectl.
+wait_for_k8s_pods_ready () {
+    local ns=$1
+    local timeout=240
+    local waited=0
+    # First wait for at least one pod to appear in the namespace.
+    while [ $waited -lt $timeout ]; do
+        local count=$(kubectl get pods -n "$ns" --no-headers 2>/dev/null | wc -l)
+        if [ "$count" -gt 0 ]; then
+            break
+        fi
+        sleep 2
+        waited=$((waited + 2))
+    done
+    if ! kubectl wait --for=condition=Ready pod --all \
+            -n "$ns" --timeout=$((timeout - waited))s 2>&1; then
+        echo "kubectl wait pods ready: FAILED (ns=$ns)"
+        kubectl get pods -n "$ns" 2>&1 || true
+        kubectl describe pods -n "$ns" 2>&1 | tail -80 || true
+        cleanup_and_exit
+    fi
+}
+
+# Best-effort full teardown so CI runners don't leak namespaces/PVs/clusters
+# between runs. Variables may be unset depending on which phase tripped.
+cleanup_and_exit () {
+    if [ -n "$DEP1" ] && [ -d "$DEP1" ]; then
+        $TEST_TARGET_SO deployment --dir $DEP1 \
+            stop --delete-volumes --delete-namespace --skip-cluster-management || true
+    fi
+    if [ -n "$DEP2" ] && [ -d "$DEP2" ]; then
+        $TEST_TARGET_SO deployment --dir $DEP2 \
+            stop --delete-volumes --delete-namespace --perform-cluster-management || true
+    fi
+    exit 1
+}
+
+# Make a clone usable for `git commit` without touching the runner's global config.
+configure_git_identity () {
+    local repo_dir=$1
+    git -C $repo_dir config user.email "test@stack-orchestrator.test"
+    git -C $repo_dir config user.name "test"
+}
+
+TEST_TARGET_SO=$( ls -t1 ./package/laconic-so* | head -1 )
+echo "Testing this package: $TEST_TARGET_SO"
+
+WORK_DIR=~/stack-orchestrator-test/restart
+# Multi-repo pod working clones land here; resolved by get_plugin_code_paths.
+export CERC_REPO_BASE_DIR=$WORK_DIR/repo-base
+rm -rf $WORK_DIR
+mkdir -p $WORK_DIR $CERC_REPO_BASE_DIR
+
+# Source location of the test stacks shipped in this checkout. The test stages
+# them into a temp git repo so 'deployment restart' (which runs 'git pull' on
+# the stack source) has a real repo to pull from.
+DATA_DIR=stack_orchestrator/data
+
+# ============================================================================
+# Phase 1 — single-repo restart cycle. Verifies that:
+#   * deploy create copies commands.py into <deployment>/hooks/
+#   * deployment start runs the copied start() hook
+#   * mutating the stack-source commands.py and running 'deployment restart'
+#     re-copies the new file into hooks/ and re-executes the new start()
+# ============================================================================
+echo "=== Phase 1: single-repo restart cycle ==="
+
+BARE1=$WORK_DIR/stack-single.git
+CLONE1=$WORK_DIR/stack-single
+git init -b main --bare $BARE1
+git clone $BARE1 $CLONE1
+configure_git_identity $CLONE1
+
+# External-stack layout: <repo>/stack-orchestrator/{stacks,compose}/...
+mkdir -p $CLONE1/stack-orchestrator/stacks $CLONE1/stack-orchestrator/compose
+cp -r $DATA_DIR/stacks/test-restart $CLONE1/stack-orchestrator/stacks/
+cp $DATA_DIR/compose/docker-compose-test-restart.yml $CLONE1/stack-orchestrator/compose/
+
+git -C $CLONE1 add .
+git -C $CLONE1 commit -m "test-restart v1"
+git -C $CLONE1 push -u origin main
+
+STACK_PATH_SINGLE=$CLONE1/stack-orchestrator/stacks/test-restart
+SPEC1=$WORK_DIR/spec-single.yml
+DEP1=$WORK_DIR/dep-single
+
+$TEST_TARGET_SO --stack $STACK_PATH_SINGLE deploy --deploy-to k8s-kind init --output $SPEC1
+$TEST_TARGET_SO --stack $STACK_PATH_SINGLE deploy create --spec-file $SPEC1 --deployment-dir $DEP1
+
+if [ ! -f "$DEP1/hooks/commands.py" ]; then
+    echo "single-repo deploy create test: FAILED (hooks/commands.py missing)"
+    cleanup_and_exit
+fi
+if ! grep -q '"v1"' "$DEP1/hooks/commands.py"; then
+    echo "single-repo deploy create test: FAILED (hooks/commands.py does not contain v1 marker)"
+    cleanup_and_exit
+fi
+echo "single-repo deploy create test: passed"
+
+$TEST_TARGET_SO deployment --dir $DEP1 start --perform-cluster-management
+wait_for_pods_started $DEP1
+
+# call_stack_deploy_start runs synchronously inside the start command
+# (deploy_k8s.py:1026), so the marker is on disk before 'start' returns.
+if [ ! -f "$DEP1/marker" ]; then
+    echo "single-repo start v1 test: FAILED (marker file missing)"
+    cleanup_and_exit
+fi
+marker_v1=$(cat $DEP1/marker)
+if [ "$marker_v1" != "v1" ]; then
+    echo "single-repo start v1 test: FAILED (got: $marker_v1)"
+    cleanup_and_exit
+fi
+echo "single-repo start v1 test: passed"
+
+# Mutate the stack-source working tree v1 -> v2. No commit needed: 'deployment
+# restart' runs 'git pull' against the bare which is a no-op, and _copy_hooks
+# reads the working tree directly via get_plugin_code_paths.
+sed -i 's/"v1"/"v2"/' $STACK_PATH_SINGLE/deploy/commands.py
+
+$TEST_TARGET_SO deployment --dir $DEP1 restart --stack-path $STACK_PATH_SINGLE
+
+if ! grep -q '"v2"' "$DEP1/hooks/commands.py"; then
+    echo "single-repo restart re-copy test: FAILED (hooks/commands.py still v1)"
+    cleanup_and_exit
+fi
+echo "single-repo restart re-copy test: passed"
+
+marker_v2=$(cat $DEP1/marker)
+if [ "$marker_v2" != "v2" ]; then
+    echo "single-repo restart re-execute test: FAILED (got: $marker_v2)"
+    cleanup_and_exit
+fi
+echo "single-repo restart re-execute test: passed"
+
+# Stop phase 1 deployment but keep the cluster for phase 2.
+$TEST_TARGET_SO deployment --dir $DEP1 \
+    stop --delete-volumes --delete-namespace --skip-cluster-management
+
+# ============================================================================
+# Phase 2 — multi-repo create + start. Verifies that a stack with N pods, each
+# from a separate repo, produces hooks/commands_0.py ... commands_{N-1}.py and
+# that call_stack_deploy_start invokes every module's start().
+# ============================================================================
+echo "=== Phase 2: multi-repo create + start ==="
+
+# Pod repos: stack.yml's pods[].repository = 'cerc-io/test-restart-pod-X'
+# resolves (via get_plugin_code_paths) to
+# $CERC_REPO_BASE_DIR/test-restart-pod-X/<pod_path>/stack/...
+for label in a b; do
+    POD_BARE=$WORK_DIR/pod-$label.git
+    POD_CLONE=$CERC_REPO_BASE_DIR/test-restart-pod-$label
+    git init -b main --bare $POD_BARE
+    git clone $POD_BARE $POD_CLONE
+    configure_git_identity $POD_CLONE
+    mkdir -p $POD_CLONE/stack/deploy
+    # For dict-form pods, get_pod_file_path resolves the compose file at
+    # <pod_repo>/<pod_path>/docker-compose.yml — owned by the pod repo, not
+    # the stack repo. get_plugin_code_paths adds the trailing 'stack/', so
+    # commands.py lives at <pod_repo>/<pod_path>/stack/deploy/commands.py.
+    cat > $POD_CLONE/docker-compose.yml <<EOF
+services:
+  test-restart-multi-$label:
+    image: busybox:1.36
+    command: ["sh", "-c", "sleep infinity"]
+    restart: always
+EOF
+    # Each pod hook writes a distinct marker file so neither overwrites the
+    # other when both start() hooks are loaded by call_stack_deploy_start.
+    cat > $POD_CLONE/stack/deploy/commands.py <<EOF
+from stack_orchestrator.deploy.deployment_context import DeploymentContext
+
+
+def start(deployment_context: DeploymentContext):
+    marker = deployment_context.deployment_dir / "marker-$label"
+    marker.write_text("v1")
+EOF
+    git -C $POD_CLONE add .
+    git -C $POD_CLONE commit -m "pod $label v1"
+    git -C $POD_CLONE push -u origin main
+done
+
+# Stack repo
+BARE2=$WORK_DIR/stack-multi.git
+CLONE2=$WORK_DIR/stack-multi
+git init -b main --bare $BARE2
+git clone $BARE2 $CLONE2
+configure_git_identity $CLONE2
+
+# For multi-repo (dict-form pods), the stack repo only owns stack.yml — pod
+# compose files and hooks live in the per-pod repos under CERC_REPO_BASE_DIR.
+mkdir -p $CLONE2/stack-orchestrator/stacks
+cp -r $DATA_DIR/stacks/test-restart-multi $CLONE2/stack-orchestrator/stacks/
+
+git -C $CLONE2 add .
+git -C $CLONE2 commit -m "test-restart-multi v1"
+git -C $CLONE2 push -u origin main
+
+STACK_PATH_MULTI=$CLONE2/stack-orchestrator/stacks/test-restart-multi
+SPEC2=$WORK_DIR/spec-multi.yml
+DEP2=$WORK_DIR/dep-multi
+
+$TEST_TARGET_SO --stack $STACK_PATH_MULTI deploy --deploy-to k8s-kind init --output $SPEC2
+$TEST_TARGET_SO --stack $STACK_PATH_MULTI deploy create --spec-file $SPEC2 --deployment-dir $DEP2
+
+# get_plugin_code_paths returns list(set(...)) so the index ordering is not
+# guaranteed; we assert presence of both files rather than mapping each to
+# a specific pod.
+if [ ! -f "$DEP2/hooks/commands_0.py" ] || [ ! -f "$DEP2/hooks/commands_1.py" ]; then
+    echo "multi-repo deploy create test: FAILED (hooks/commands_{0,1}.py missing)"
+    ls -la $DEP2/hooks/ || true
+    cleanup_and_exit
+fi
+echo "multi-repo deploy create test: passed"
+
+$TEST_TARGET_SO deployment --dir $DEP2 start --skip-cluster-management
+wait_for_k8s_pods_ready laconic-test-restart-multi
+
+for label in a b; do
+    if [ ! -f "$DEP2/marker-$label" ]; then
+        echo "multi-repo start test: FAILED (marker-$label missing)"
+        cleanup_and_exit
+    fi
+    val=$(cat $DEP2/marker-$label)
+    if [ "$val" != "v1" ]; then
+        echo "multi-repo start test: FAILED (marker-$label content: $val)"
+        cleanup_and_exit
+    fi
+done
+echo "multi-repo start test: passed"
+
+# Final teardown — destroy the cluster for the next CI run.
+$TEST_TARGET_SO deployment --dir $DEP2 \
+    stop --delete-volumes --delete-namespace --perform-cluster-management
+
+rm -rf $WORK_DIR
+
+echo "Test passed"

tests/k8s-deployment-control/run-test.sh

@@ -185,8 +185,15 @@ node-tolerations:
     value: c
 EOF
 
-# Get the deployment ID so we can generate low level kubectl commands later
+# cluster-id names the kind cluster (and its worker node names).
-deployment_id=$(cat ${test_deployment_dir}/deployment.yml | cut -d ' ' -f 2)
+# deployment-id is what flows into app_name / resource name prefixes.
+# Fall back to cluster-id for deployment.yml files written before the
+# deployment-id field existed.
+cluster_id=$(awk '/^cluster-id:/ {print $2; exit}' ${test_deployment_dir}/deployment.yml)
+deployment_id=$(awk '/^deployment-id:/ {print $2; exit}' ${test_deployment_dir}/deployment.yml)
+if [ -z "$deployment_id" ]; then
+    deployment_id=$cluster_id
+fi
 
 # Try to start the deployment
 $TEST_TARGET_SO deployment --dir $test_deployment_dir start --perform-cluster-management
@@ -208,7 +215,7 @@ fi
 # Get get the node onto which the stack pod has been deployed
 # Namespace is now derived from stack name, not cluster-id
 deployment_node=$(kubectl get pods -n laconic-test -l app=${deployment_id} -o=jsonpath='{.items..spec.nodeName}')
-expected_node=${deployment_id}-worker3
+expected_node=${cluster_id}-worker3
 echo "Stack pod deployed to node: ${deployment_node}"
 if [[ ${deployment_node} == ${expected_node} ]]; then
     echo "deployment of pod test: passed"